Separation of powers. Division of power vertically and regional horizontal power Division of state power horizontally and vertically
Vertical separation of powers represents the division of power between subjects government controlled different levels. Thus, central, regional and local authorities authorities. In some countries, such as the UK, regional level absent.
In practice, the division of states into:
Centralized, where local authorities are like a continuation central authorities(Greece, Ireland, Iceland, Portugal, etc.);
Decentralized - local authorities (provinces, lands, departments) are vested with significant powers (Italy, Spain, France, etc.);
Semi-centralized - local authorities in a number of areas, for example, in the fields of education, health care, construction, etc., enjoy significant independence, but otherwise depend on central authorities(UK, Netherlands).
The horizontal separation of powers is implemented in practice as the distribution of power between three government bodies (sometimes loosely called “branches” of government) - legislative, executive and judicial.
1. Legislative power is based on principlesconstitution and the rule of law, is formed as a result of elections. IN various countries The functions of the legislative branch are different both in scope and content. But, as a rule, the legislative branch amends the constitution, determines the basis of internal and foreign policy states, states the state budget, discusses and adopts laws binding on executive bodies and citizens, and monitors their implementation.
In the vast majority of countries, the bearer of legislative power is a representative body - parliament, which can be bi- or unicameral. For example, a unicameral parliament operates in 8 of 18 Western European countries (Iceland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Greece, Scandinavian states). A number of countries have a bicameral parliamentary system, in which one chamber is formed as a result of direct elections, and the other on the basis of territorial proportionality. Moreover, in some countries (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland) both chambers have equal rights and take equal part in the formation of the government and in the legislative process.
In our country, the highest legislative body is the Federal Assembly - Parliament Russian Federation(Article 94 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). This body consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma.
2. The executive branch in different countries is even more diverse . In some countries (USA) the head executive power is the president, who simultaneously holds the post of head of state. In others, these functions are separated. For example, in Great Britain the head of state is the monarch, the head of the executive branch is the prime minister. In states with a republican structure (Germany, France, Italy, etc.), the head of the executive branch is the prime minister, and the head of state is the president.
The peculiarity of the executive branch is that, that it not only organizes the implementation of legislators’ decisions, but can itself issue regulations or take a legislative initiative.
Executive power in our country is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation, consisting of the Chairman, his deputies and federal ministers.
3. The judiciary guards the constitutional structure of the state, law and order, the rights and freedoms of citizens . Its system includes organizations and institutions independent from other authorities: these are constitutional courts (in Austria, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Russia, etc.) or other judicial bodies (in France - the Constitutional Council, in Greece - the Supreme Special Court and etc.). The purpose of these bodies is to to be a guarantor of the protection of the democratic system from excessive claims to power on the part of the legislative, executive and, to some extent, public authorities. In addition to constitutional courts, in almost all countries there are special administrative courts, which resolve conflicts that arise between citizens and government agencies. Prosecutor's offices monitor compliance with laws, others control bodies (state control, tax office etc.).
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 118), judicial power in the country “is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.” The highest judicial body for civil, criminal, administrative and other cases is the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Article 126), and for resolving economic disputes and other cases considered by arbitration courts - the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation (Article 127).”
Except organs state power, public authorities also have power. Here, first of all, it is necessary to name local government bodies that are not part of the state government system, for example, in the Russian Federation (Article 12 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). They are called on their own manage municipal property, form, approve and execute local budget, install local taxes and fees, maintain public order, and also resolve other issues local significance (Art. 132).
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the general principles of organizing self-government in the Russian Federation of August 28, 1995 (as amended and supplemented by the Federal Laws of April 22, 1996 and November 28, 1996)” defines the role of local government in the implementation of democracy, legal, economic and financial fundamentals local government and state guarantees its implementation, establishes general principles local government organizations. In accordance with this law, almost throughout the entire country local government bodies were organized(municipal authorities), whose main task(clause 1, art. 2) - resolving issues of local importance, based on the interests of the population, its historical and other local traditions.
Legal training
Ticket No. 1
To whom are police officers prohibited from using special means?
1) clearly minors;
2) women with visible signs of pregnancy, persons with obvious signs of disability and minors, with the exception of cases of armed resistance by these persons, or the commission of a group or other attack that threatens the life and health of citizens or a police officer;
3) young women;
4) persons under narcotic or drunkenness;
5) foreigners and stateless persons.
3. Police officers have the right to freely visit in connection with criminal cases under investigation and pending cases of administrative offenses, as well as in connection with the verification of duly registered statements and reports of crimes, administrative offenses, incidents, the resolution of which is attributed to competence of the police upon presentation:
1) instructions;
2) service ID;
3) instructions and official identification.
4. Detainees are subject to inspection:
1) Before placement in specially designated premises;
2) After the end of the period of detention;
3) Before placement in specially designated premises and after the end of the period of detention .
5. The police officer is obliged to explain to the person detained:
1) the right to legal assistance, for translation services;
2) the right to notify close relatives or close persons of the fact of his detention;
3) the right to refuse to give an explanation;
4) all of the above.
6. What is the purpose of the police according to Art. 1 Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police”:
3) to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons, to combat crime, protect public order, property and to ensure public safety.
In what case does a police officer have the right to use a weapon to stop vehicle by damaging it?
1) if the driver has committed a traffic accident and does not obey repeated legal requirements police officer;
2) if managing person grossly violated the rules traffic, creates a danger to the life and health of people and does not obey the repeated legal demands of a police officer;
3) if the driver refuses to comply with the police officer’s demands to stop and tries to escape, creating a threat to the life and health of citizens;
4) if the person operating it refuses to comply with the repeated demands of a police officer to stop and tries to escape, creating a threat to the life and health of citizens .
8. According to Article 10 of the Federal Law of November 30, 2011 No. 342-FZ “On service in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation" employee of internal affairs bodies is:
1) a citizen who has undertaken the obligation to undergo federal civil service in the internal affairs bodies in the position of ordinary or commanding personnel and who have been assigned in the prescribed manner special rank ordinary or commanding personnel;
2) a state civil servant appointed to a position in the internal affairs bodies, enjoying the rights and performing the duties of an employee of the internal affairs bodies;
3) a citizen who has been assigned a special rank of police, justice or internal service in accordance with the established procedure.
What types of liability apply to employees of internal affairs bodies?
1) criminal, administrative (in cases provided for current legislation), disciplinary, material;
2) exclusively disciplinary, since the law establishes a special legal status;
3) criminal, administrative (in cases provided for by current legislation) and disciplinary.
10. When carrying out official activities, as well as during off-duty hours, an employee of internal affairs bodies must:
11. List the species judicial proceedings:
2) constitutional, civil, administrative, criminal ;
12. In what cases is it permissible to enter a home against the will of the persons living in it:
13. Local authorities:
2) are not included in the system of government bodies.
14. The President of the Russian Federation is:
1) head of state;
3) the highest official;
15. How many sections, chapters and articles does the Constitution of the Russian Federation contain:
2) 2 sections, 9 chapters, 137 articles ;
16. What is the date of adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:
17. No confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation can be expressed by:
1. Federation Council;
2) State Duma ;
18. The President of the Russian Federation is removed from office:
4) Federation Council .
19. How many representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation are included in the Federation Council:
2) two;
20. The horizontal system of government bodies includes:
Legal training
Ticket number 2
1. In what cases is it permissible to enter a home against the will of the persons living in it:
1) in cases established by federal law;
2) on the basis of a prosecutor’s decision;
3) to suppress an administrative offense.
2. List the types of judicial proceedings:
1) constitutional, civil, arbitration, criminal;
2) constitutional, civil, administrative, criminal;
3) constitutional, civil, administrative, criminal, supervisory.
3. When carrying out official activities, as well as during off-duty hours, an employee of internal affairs bodies must:
1) show respect, politeness, tact towards citizens, except in cases where they commit crimes and administrative offenses;
2) perform official duties based on the level vocational training;
3) do not allow public statements, judgments and assessments, including in the media mass media, in relation to government bodies, officials, political parties, other public associations, religious and other organizations, professional or social groups, citizens, if this is not part of his official duties.
4. Local authorities:
1) are the lower level in the vertical of government bodies;
2) are not included in the system of government bodies .
5. The President of the Russian Federation is:
1) head of state;
2) the head of state and the highest official;
3) the highest official;
4) senior official and Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
6. How many sections, chapters and articles does the Constitution of the Russian Federation contain:
1) 2 sections, 7 chapters, 135 articles;
3) 3 sections, 9 chapters, 140 articles.
7. What is the date of adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:
8. No confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation can be expressed by:
1. Federation Council;
2) State Duma;
3) President of the Russian Federation.
9. The horizontal system of government bodies includes:
1) administrative bodies, legislatures, executive bodies;
2) legislative bodies, executive bodies, judicial bodies;
3) executive bodies, judicial bodies, supervisory bodies;
4) administrative bodies, legislative bodies, executive bodies, judicial bodies, supervisory bodies.
10. How many representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation are included in the Federation Council:
2) two;
11. The President of the Russian Federation is removed from office:
1) the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation;
2) the State Duma of the Russian Federation;
3) Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation;
4) Federation Council.
12. Disciplinary action should be applied:
1) no later than one year from the moment the boss learned of the employee’s violation of official discipline;
2) during the period of service of the employee in the internal affairs bodies;
3) no later than 10 days from the day when the direct manager (boss) became aware of the crime committed by an employee of the internal affairs bodies disciplinary offense;
4) no later than two weeks from the day when the direct supervisor (supervisor) or immediate supervisor (supervisor) became aware of the commission of a disciplinary offense by an employee of the internal affairs bodies, and in the case of an internal audit or initiation of a criminal case - no later than one month from the date of approval of the conclusion based on the results of an internal audit or the adoption of a final decision in a criminal case. The specified periods do not include periods of temporary incapacity for work of the employee, being on vacation or on a business trip.
13. The composition of the police, the procedure for the creation, reorganization and liquidation of police units are determined:
1) the government of the Russian Federation;
2) the President of the Russian Federation;
3) leader federal body executive power in the sphere of internal affairs.
14. A contract for service in internal affairs bodies is:
1) an agreement between the head of the federal executive body in the field of internal affairs or authorized manager and a citizen entering service in the internal affairs bodies, or an employee of the internal affairs bodies on serving in the internal affairs bodies and (or) filling a position in the internal affairs bodies, establishing the rights and obligations of the parties;
2) an agreement between the Russian Federation and a citizen entering service in the internal affairs bodies, or an employee of the internal affairs bodies on serving in the internal affairs bodies and (or) filling a position in the internal affairs bodies, establishing the rights and obligations of the parties;
3) an agreement between the company and a citizen entering service in the internal affairs bodies, or an employee of the internal affairs bodies on serving in the internal affairs bodies and (or) filling a position in the internal affairs bodies.
15. According to Article 12 of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police”, the police are obliged to arrive at the scene of an incident:
1) as soon as possible, in the absence of force majeure circumstances;
2) no later than 15 minutes after receiving a message about the incident;
3) immediately.
16. According to Article 12 of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On the Police,” the police are obliged to:
1) participate in the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency;
2) identify persons who have the intention to commit a crime and conduct individual investigations with them preventive work;
3) identify conditions conducive to the commission of crimes and administrative offenses, take measures to eliminate them, within the limits of their powers;
4) identify the causes of crimes and administrative offenses, take measures to eliminate them within the limits of their powers;
5) all of the above.
17. The police have the right to cordon off (block) areas of the area:
1) by decision of the head of the territorial body or the person replacing him;
2) by decision of the head of administration;
3) by decision of the prosecutor.
18. During a period of martial law or a state of emergency, during a counter-terrorism operation, in an armed conflict, during the liquidation of the consequences of accidents, natural and technogenic nature and others emergency situations:
1) are allowed in the manner determined by the federal executive body in the field of internal affairs, for a period of no more than six months within calendar year changing the working time schedule of an employee of the internal affairs bodies, assigning to him additional responsibilities, sending him to another area, temporarily transferring him to another unit without changing the nature of his service in the internal affairs bodies and establishing other special conditions and additional restrictions without the employee’s consent;
2) the movement of employees from places of permanent deployment is not allowed;
3) it is allowed, in the manner determined by the federal executive body in the field of internal affairs, for a period of no more than six months during a calendar year, to change the working time schedule of an employee of the internal affairs bodies, assign additional duties to him, send him on a business trip to another locality, temporarily transfer him to another unit without changing the nature of service in the internal affairs bodies and establishing other special conditions and additional restrictions only with the consent of the employee.
How normative legal act principles of activity, rights and responsibilities of the police, features legal status police officer, procedure for using police physical strength, special means and firearms?
3) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 1, 2011 No. 941 “On the features of police service”;
4) all of the above options are correct.
20. Personal data contained in data banks are subject to:
1) storage in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
2) destruction upon achievement of the purposes of processing or in case of loss of the need to achieve these purposes;
3) this issue is not regulated by law.
Legal training
Ticket number 3
1. Name the date of adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:
2. Standards and limits on the staffing level of police units within the established staffing levels of internal affairs bodies are determined by:
1) The head of the federal executive body in the field of internal affairs.
2) The Government of the Russian Federation.
3) The President of the Russian Federation.
3. How many sections, chapters and articles does the Constitution of the Russian Federation contain:
1) 2 sections, 7 chapters, 135 articles;
2) 2 sections, 9 chapters, 137 articles;
3) 3 sections, 9 chapters, 140 articles.
4. What is the purpose of the police according to Art. 1 Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police”:
1) to protect individuals, society, the state from illegal attacks, prevent, suppress, identify and solve crimes and administrative offenses.
2) to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens, property, interests of society and the state from unlawful attacks and those entitled to use coercive measures.
3) To protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons, to combat crime, protect public order, property and to ensure public safety.
5. No confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation may be expressed by:
1. Federation Council;
2) State Duma;
3) President of the Russian Federation.
6. The horizontal system of government bodies includes:
1) administrative bodies, legislative bodies, executive bodies;
2) legislative bodies, executive bodies, judicial bodies;
3) executive bodies, judicial bodies, supervisory bodies;
4) administrative bodies, legislative bodies, executive bodies, judicial bodies, supervisory bodies.
7. The police are:
1) a unified centralized system of a representative body of state power in the sphere of internal affairs bodies;
2) integral part a unified centralized system of the federal executive body in the field of internal affairs;
3) the main part of the system of the government and carries out the work of services and divisions of internal affairs bodies.
8. Police officers have the right to deliver minors who have committed offenses or antisocial acts, as well as neglected and street children:
1) to temporary detention centers for minor offenders of internal affairs bodies;
2) to specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation;
3) in Staff only territorial body or police unit on the grounds and in the manner provided for by federal law;
4) all of the above.
a) J.-J. Rousseau;
a) J.-J. Rousseau;
b) Sh.-L. Montesquieu.
53. Membership in a political party can be:
a) individual;
b) collective;
c) individual and collective.
54. A political party may own:
a) any property;
b) only the property that is necessary to ensure its activities;
c) property necessary for its activities, provided for by federal law and the charter of the political party.
55. Symbols of a political party:
a) must not coincide with state symbols of the Russian Federation, state symbols of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, symbols municipalities, as well as with state symbols foreign countries;
b) may coincide with the state symbols of the Russian Federation, state symbols of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, symbols of municipalities, as well as with the state symbols of foreign states.
56. The number of members of a political party must be at least:
a) 10,000 members;
b) 50,000 members;
c) 45,000 members.
d) 500 members
57. Political parties can accept donations:
a) from individuals;
b) legal entities;
c) foreign states and foreign legal entities
58. The state supports political parties:
59. The organizer of a public event may be:
a) one or more citizens;
b) political parties and public associations;
c) local government bodies.
60. Notification of a public event is submitted to the competent authority within the following period:
a) no earlier than 10 and no later than 5 days before the day of the public event;
b) no earlier than 15 and no later than 7 days before the day of the public event.
61. Notification of a public event is submitted:
a) to the territorial body of internal affairs of the Russian Federation;
b) local government bodies;
c) executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
62. Places where public events are prohibited include areas immediately adjacent to:
a) to the residences of the President of the Russian Federation;
b) the premises of the Federation Council and the State Duma of the Russian Federation;
c) buildings occupied by courts;
d) buildings occupied by the prosecutor's office and internal affairs bodies;
e) territories and buildings of institutions executing punishment in the form of imprisonment.
63. Creation of political parties based on professional, racial, national or religious affiliation:
a) is allowed;
b) not allowed.
64. Political parties have the right to carry out their activities:
a) throughout the Russian Federation;
b) the territories of only those subjects where they have regional branches.
65. Russian state:
a) finances political parties;
b) does not finance political parties;
c) finances political parties based on the results of their participation in elections.
66. Public fund:
a) based on membership;
b) has no membership.
67. Organizational and legal forms of public associations:
a) public organizations;
b) social movements;
c) citizens’ meetings;
d) public initiative bodies.
68. Public institution:
a) aims to provide a specific type of service that meets the interests of the participants and the statutory goals of this public association;
b) aims to jointly resolve various social problems citizens at their place of residence, work or study.
69. Ideological and political pluralism is:
a) identical concepts;
b) not identical concepts.
70. If international treaty The Russian Federation has established rules other than those provided for by law, then the following apply:
a) rules of law of the Russian Federation;
b) rules of an international treaty.
71. State power in the Russian Federation according to Art. 10 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is implemented on the basis of division:
a) legislative, executive, presidential and judicial;
b) legislative, executive and judicial.
72. Land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of life and activity:
a) peoples living in the relevant territory;
b) citizens of the Russian Federation, foreigners and stateless persons living in the relevant territory.
73. Citizens of the Russian Federation living outside its territory have the right to participate in the referendum of the Russian Federation:
b) is not correct.
74. A referendum can be held at any time without restrictions:
b) is not correct.
75. Decisions made at the referendum:
a) must be approved by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation;
b) do not need approval.
76. Local government- This:
a) a type of government power;
b) independent decision by the population individual issues within the framework of public administration in the country;
c) independent decision by the population on issues of local importance.
77. Constitutional state- This:
a) a state in which there is law;
b) a state in which all government bodies, officials, citizens are subject to the law (the law “stands” above the state).
78. Political diversity is:
a) the presence of many political ideas and movements;
b) diversity and equality of political parties.
79. Unitary state:
a) consists of autonomous entities and administrative-territorial units;
b) is divided into administrative-territorial units.
80. Federation is:
b) union of states.
81. Confederation is:
a) a union state consisting of two or more states;
b) union of states.
82. Select the signs of a confederation:
a) has sovereignty;
b) has citizenship;
c) does not have a single territory;
d) does not have a unified armed forces.
Vertical division of power
Comments
Judicial power in the United States is exercised by the Supreme Court and lower courts. Courts, as we already know, are established by Congress, and appointment to the highest judicial positions is made by the president.
Judicial power extends to all matters, including assessing the constitutionality of actions of the legislative and executive branches. Thus, the US Supreme Court performs not only the functions of the highest court in civil and criminal cases, but also the functions of the Constitutional Court.
This is the structure horizontal division of power in the United States(see diagram 7.6.1).
Vertical distribution authority. The state-territorial structure of the United States is based on the principle of federalism. The constitution clearly indicates all the functions of the upper, federal echelon of power, and all other powers: civil and criminal law, education and healthcare, public order, control over the use natural resources, construction of communications (except post office), etc. transferred to the level of states and municipalities ( local authorities). States have not only their own constitutions and laws, but also other attributes state sovereignty: flags, coats of arms, anthems, symbols. But the US Constitution establishes the supremacy of federal law over state laws, which corresponds to the federal, rather than confederal, territorial-state structure of the country (see diagram 7.6.2).
Speaking about the separation of powers, first of all they mean the division into legislative, executive and judicial branches of power, the so-called “horizontal” separation of powers. This division is basic, but not absolute.
Article 10 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the “horizontal” separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial powers, as well as the independence of legislative, executive and judicial authorities.
For federal states, such as Russia, in addition to the horizontal division of powers, there is also a vertical division of power, i.e. division into a two-tier system, which includes federal government and power in the subjects of the Federation.
The vertical separation of powers is the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the separation of powers in the constituent entities of the federation Lazareva L.V. Commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. M., Prospect. 2010. P. 77..
This provision is enshrined in Article 11 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which is directly adjacent to Article 10, partially specifying its provisions on the horizontal division of powers and defining the basis for the vertical separation of powers in the Russian Federation.
It states that:
“1. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Federation Council and State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts of the Russian Federation.
2. State power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is exercised by the state power bodies formed by them.
3. The delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out by this Constitution, the Federal and other treaties on the delimitation of the subjects of competence and powers "Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (as amended , introduced by Laws RF on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2008 N 6-FKZ, dated December 30, 2008 N 7-FKZ) // Russian newspaper, N 7, 01/21/2009..
Legislative power on federal level represents the Federal Assembly of Russia - the parliament of the Russian Federation. Chapter 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is dedicated to him.
The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma.
In accordance with Article 95 of the Russian Constitution, the Federal Assembly includes two representatives from each subject of the Federation. The State Duma, in turn, consists of 450 deputies.
The Federation Council and the State Duma have different competencies.
The Constitution includes the jurisdiction of the Federation Council:
· changes in borders between the Subjects of the Russian Federation;
· approval of decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency;
· resolving the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside its territory;
· calling elections for the President of the Russian Federation and removing him from office;
· appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, as well as the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and the Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and the dismissal of the latter from office Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (as amended , introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2008 N 6-FKZ, dated December 30, 2008 N 7-FKZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 7, 01/21/2009..
The State Duma, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation:
· gives consent to the President of the Russian Federation to appoint the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
· resolves the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation;
· hears annual reports of the Government of the Russian Federation;
· Appoints and dismisses the Chairman Central Bank Russian Federation, Chairman Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors, as well as the Commissioner for Human Rights;
· declares an amnesty;
· brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (taking into account amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2008 N 6-FKZ, dated December 30, 2008 N 7-FKZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 7, 01/21/2009..
The main function of the State Duma is to adopt federal laws and submit them for consideration to the Federation Council.
The establishment of different competences for the chambers serves as a kind of system of checks and balances within Federal Assembly. This is necessary so that the majority, represented by the State Duma, is unable to concentrate all legislative branch in your own hands. The Federation Council is holding her back in this.
At the level of the subjects of the Federation, legislative functions are performed by representative bodies of state power such as the Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and others.
Executive power in Russia at the federal level is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation. It consists of the Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.
Government of the Russian Federation:
· develops and presents State Duma federal budget and ensures its implementation, and also submits a report on this and the results of its activities;
· ensures the implementation of a unified policy in the financial sphere, culture, education, social security and health care, as well as in the field of security and foreign policy;
· manages federal property;
· implements measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, the fight against crimeThe Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (taking into account amendments made by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2008 N 6 -FKZ, dated December 30, 2008 N 7-FKZ) // Russian newspaper, N 7, 01/21/2009..
There are also executive authorities at the level of the constituent entities of the Federation. They are represented by the highest official of the subject of the Federation, the Government of the subject of the Federation and territorial authorities executive power.
· The highest official of a subject of the Federation (Mayor, Governor, President, Head of Administration) performs the following functions:
· forms the highest executive body of state power of the subject of the Federation;
· develops and implements measures to ensure the comprehensive socio-economic development of the subject of the Federation;
· participates in the implementation of a unified public policy in the field of finance, science, education, healthcare, social security and ecology;
· forms other government bodies within the limits of their powers (ministries, committees);
· implements measures to implement and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, protect property, public order, and fight crime;
The government of the subject of the Russian Federation exercises leadership various areas life activities of society, such as economic, socio-cultural, protection of public order on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation; determines the tasks, functions, order of organization and activities and subordinate organizations; develops and ensures the implementation of measures to improve the system of sectoral and intersectoral management and other areas and spheres of society.
The structural elements of the system of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are also the sectoral and functional executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (ministries, committees and other executive authorities) Kozlova E.N., Kutafin O.E. Constitutional law Russia. //textbook. Prospekt Publishing House. 2013
Sectoral and functional executive authorities of the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation are controlled in their activities by the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the Government of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation headed by it, which forms them and establishes their competence by approving individual regulations on these bodies A.V. Zinoviev. Constitutional law of Russia. Textbook/Legal Center Press. 2010
The judicial power in Russia is represented by federal courts, constitutional (statutory courts) and justices of the peace of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Federal courts include: constitutional Court Russian Federation; Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, supreme courts of republics, regional and regional courts, courts of federal cities, courts autonomous region And autonomous okrugs, district courts, military specialized courts composing the federal court system general jurisdiction; Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, federal arbitration courts districts, arbitration courts of the constituent entities of the Federation, making up the system of federal arbitration courts Kozlova E.N., Kutafin O.E. Constitutional law of Russia. //textbook. Prospekt Publishing House. 2013
The courts of the subjects of the Federation include: constitutional (statutory) courts, justices of the peace, who are judges of general jurisdiction of the subjects of the Federation Ibid., P. 530..
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation considers cases on the compliance of the Federal Constitution of Russia Constitutional laws, Federal laws and other normative and legal acts. Similar activities in the subjects of the Federation are carried out by the constitutional (statutory) courts of the subjects of the Federation, deciding cases on the compliance of laws or other normative legal acts of the subject of the Federation with its constitution or charter.
Courts of general jurisdiction deal with civil, criminal, administrative and other cases within their competence.
The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, federal arbitration courts of districts and arbitration courts of constituent entities of the Federation are judicial authorities on the resolution of economic disputes and other issues falling within the jurisdiction of the system of federal arbitration courts.
Direct carriers judiciary in the Russian Federation judges act.
Judges can be citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached 25 years of age, have a higher legal education and work experience in legal profession at least five yearsThe Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (taking into account the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2008 N 6-FKZ, dated December 30, 2008 N 7-FKZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 7, 01/21/2009..
The most important condition for judges to exercise justice is their independence. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, judges are independent and are subject only to the Constitution of Russia and federal law.
Thus, we can conclude that state power, divided into three branches, which, in turn, are divided into two levels, is a complex and diverse system of government bodies, each of which performs certain functions and interacts with others government agencies, simultaneously restraining and limiting each other.