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Who is who: what kind of relatives there are. Kinship: who belongs to whom in the family (diagram) Who is whose relative

Not so long ago, families were large, when several generations of close and distant relatives lived under the same roof or in the neighborhood. People of the same kind were united by common interests and values. We still say: “Looks like an aunt; the spitting image of grandfather. " And whether the child looks like a great-grandfather - we no longer know. The circle of relatives has narrowed: father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, sister, brother ... The further the relationship, the more difficult it is to determine who is “the seventh water on jelly”. But the real confusion begins after the wedding, when new relatives appear.

  • Father-in-law - husband's father
  • Mother-in-law is the husband's mother
  • Father-in-law is the wife's father
  • Mother-in-law is the wife's mother
  • Brother-in-law - husband's brother
  • Brother-in-law - wife's brother
  • Sister-in-law is the husband's sister
  • Sister-in-law - wife's sister
  • The brother-in-law is the husband of the sister-in-law
  • Son-in-law - daughter's husband, sister-in-law's husband
  • Daughter-in-law is the wife of a son in relation to his father
  • The daughter-in-law is the wife of a brother, the wife of a son for his mother, the wife of one brother in
    relation to the wife of another brother; also used instead of daughter-in-law, sister-in-law, sister-in-law
  • Swat is the father of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other
  • Svatya is the mother of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other
  • Grandfather (grandfather) - father of father or mother
  • Grandmother (grandmother) - mother of father or mother
  • Great uncle - uncle of father or mother
  • Great aunt - aunt of father or mother
  • Grandson (granddaughter) - a son (daughter) of a daughter or son in relation to a grandfather or grandmother. Accordingly, a great-uncle (granddaughter) is a son (daughter) of a nephew or niece
  • Nephew (niece) - the son (daughter) of a brother or sister (relatives, cousins, second cousins). Accordingly, the child of a cousin (sister) is a first cousin, a second cousin (sister) is a second cousin
  • Great-nephew (niece) - grandson (granddaughter) of a brother or sister
  • Uncle (uncle, uncle) - brother of father or mother, husband of aunt
  • Aunt (aunt, aunt) is the sister of the father or mother in relation to the nephews. Uncle's wife in relation to his nephews
  • Cousin - related by grandfather or grandmother to the children of their sons and daughters
  • Second cousin - the son of a great uncle or cousin
  • A cousin is the daughter of an uncle or aunt
  • Second cousin - daughter of a great uncle or cousin


In addition to the modern concepts of the degree of kinship, it turns out that there are also older names for relatives.

FIRST DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP
Father and son.
Father and daughter.
Mother and son.
Mother and daughter.

SECOND DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP
Grandfather and grandchildren,
Grandmother and grandchildren.

THIRD DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP
Great-grandfather and great-grandchildren,
Uncle and nephews,
Aunt and nephews.

FOURTH DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP
Cousins ​​and brothers
Great uncle and grand-nephews (nieces),
Great-aunt and grand-nephews (nieces).

FIFTH DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP
Great-uncle and great-nephew (niece).

SIXTH DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP
Second cousins ​​and brothers.

Getting acquainted with the terms of kinship, it should be remembered that the terms of kinship consist of keywords and definitions of the degree of kinship:

Grandmother, grandmother - the mother of the father or mother, the wife of the grandfather.
Brother - each of the sons of the same parents.
Bro, bro, bro, bro, brat is a cousin.
Bratanna is a brother's daughter, a brother's niece.
A brother-in-law is a relative in general, cousin or distant.
Bratich is a brother's son, brother's nephew.
A grandson is the son of a daughter, a son, and also the sons of a nephew or niece.
Granddaughter, grandson - the daughter of a son, daughter, and also the daughter of a nephew or niece.
The grandfather is the father of the mother or father.
Dedin, grandfather is an aunt after my uncle.
Dedich is the direct heir to his grandfather.
The daughter is a female person in relation to her parents.
Dzherich is a nephew of his aunt.
Dscher is the niece of her aunt.
An uncle is a brother of a father or mother. Thus, the uncle and aunt are the brother and sister of the mother or father. “My aunt's darling has a nephew, and my uncle's has a niece,” says popular wisdom.
Mother is a female person in relation to her children.
The father is a male person in relation to his children.
The stage director is the eldest in the generation.
Father-in-law, stepfather-son, heir.
A nephew is the son of a brother or sister.
A nephew and niece is the son and daughter of a brother or sister. Grand-nephews are the grandchildren of a brother or sister. By the way, grandchild relatives are any relatives in the third generation (second cousin): a great-uncle's son can be called a grand-brother. In a relatively recent era, the French words cousin and cousin, denoting a cousin and a sister, as well as any distant blood relatives in the same tribe, were added to these primordially Russian terms of kinship.
A niece is the daughter of a brother or sister.
A tribe is a relative, a relative.
The progenitors are the first known couple by genealogy, from which the genus originates.

I found a very detailed article on Wikipedia,

Consanguinity in a straight line

In neighboring generations

  1. Father(colloquial. dad, daddy, daddy, folder, dad, dad; rude. daddy) - a man in relation to his children.
  2. Mother(colloquial. Mother, mother, mama, mother, nurse, Mommy, mommy; rude. mother) - a woman in relation to her children.
  3. A son(colloquial. son, son, son, son, son) - boy / man in relation to his parents.
  4. Daughter(colloquial. daughter, daughter, daughter; outdated. daughter, daughter, docha) - a girl / woman in relation to her parents.
  5. Parents is a general term for father and mother.
  6. Children is a general term for sons and daughters.
  7. Illegitimate children(illegitimate children, bastards, bastards (bastards), outdated. reckless children, fatherless) - children whose parents were not married.
  8. Bastards(in Western Europe in the Middle Ages) - illegitimate children of an influential person (king, duke, etc.), nowadays often used in a vulgar, offensive meaning: bastards.
  9. Chunky children- in Pomorie of the 19th - early 20th centuries, children born premarital.
  10. Morganatic children- children born in a marriage between a member of a royal, royal, etc. family with a person of non-royal, non-royal origin. They have no right to succession to the throne. See morganatic marriage.

Through a generation

  • Grandfather (granddad, grandpa, grandfather) - a man in relation to the children of a son or daughter, the father of a father or mother, the husband of a grandmother.
  • Granny (granny, woman) - a woman in relation to the children of a son or daughter, the mother of a father or mother, the wife of a grandfather.
  • Grandson (granddaughter) - boy / man in relation to grandfather and grandmother, son of a son or daughter, son of a nephew or niece.
  • Granddaughter (granddaughter) - a girl / woman in relation to grandparents, daughter of a son or daughter, daughter of a nephew or niece.

Two generations later

  • Great grandfather, great grandfather- a man in relation to the children of a grandson or granddaughter, the father of a grandfather or grandmother, the grandfather of a parent.
  • Great-grandmother, great-grandmother- a woman in relation to the children of a grandson or granddaughter, the mother of a grandfather or grandmother, the grandmother of a parent.
  • Great grandson- boy / man in relation to great-grandfather and great-grandmother, son of a grandson or granddaughter, grandson of a child.
  • Great-granddaughter- girl / woman in relation to great-grandfather and great-grandmother, daughter of a grandson or granddaughter, granddaughter of a child.

Through many generations

It should be noted that in Russian genealogy kinship is considered direct exclusively along the male line: “Descending from father to son”; this norm is well illustrated by the irrelevant for some time now the status of belonging to the nobility, which, as you know, was not inherited through the mother, that is maternal ancestors and descendants are not directly related(she is the only and last direct descendant in her line). It is no coincidence that there is an expression: "the race was cut short," which means, first of all, the absence of sons. Another example of strictness in understanding direct kinship is the rule of succession.

Indirect blood relationship (along the mother's line, along the branches and lines of the father's clan)

In one generation

Relatives

Fullbred, blood- brothers and sisters (in relation to each other), descended from the same father and mother.

  • Brother- boy / man in relation to another child (children) of his parents
    • Older brother- a boy / man in relation to the younger child (children) of his parents.
    • Younger brother- a boy / man in relation to the older child (children) of his parents.
    • Married brother (outdated.) - a brother born before the marriage of parents and recognized by them.
  • Sister- a girl / woman in relation to another child (children) descended from the same parents.
    • Older sister- a girl / woman in relation to the younger child (children) of her parents.
    • Younger sister- a girl / woman in relation to the older child (children) of her parents.
    • Sister (outdated.) - a sister born before the marriage of parents and recognized by them.
  • Twins- children of one mother who developed during one pregnancy. Distinguish between identical twins (of the same sex and absolutely similar in appearance) and fraternal twins. Sometimes only identical brothers or sisters are called twins, in which case fraternal brothers and sisters are called twins, regardless of the number (two, three, etc.).
  • Sibsy (siblings) is a general term for siblings (in relation to each other), descended from the same parents, but are not twins.
  • Incomplete- having only one common parent. In turn, half brothers and sisters are divided into:
    • Consanguineous (homogeneous) - descended from the same father, but different mothers.
    • Single uterine (monotonous) - descended from the same mother, but different fathers.

Summary

Step brothers and sisters- children whose parents are married to each other, but do not have children in common; - the only and rather interesting case when their position in the genealogy, social and legal status, are classified as blood relationship... The immediate ancestral relationship between the descendants of stepbrothers and sisters will be regarded as inherent(see below) until their parents have common children - their consanguineous and uterine brothers and sisters. All of them will become blood relatives through descendants, since their descendants and the descendants of their common (half-blood and half uterine) brothers and sisters will be in consanguinity by definition - with their parents, and with them, and among themselves, respectively.

Cousins

Cousins- children of brothers and sisters in relation to each other:

  • Cousin(or cousin, from fr. cousin), - a boy / man in relation to the child of an uncle and / or aunt, the son of an uncle and / or aunt.
    • Stryichich (strict) - (outdated.) paternal cousin, uncle's son.
    • Uychich (vujicic, woo) - (outdated.) maternal cousin, aunt's son.
  • Cousin(or cousin, from fr. cousine), - a girl / woman in relation to the child of an uncle and / or aunt, daughter of an uncle and / or aunt.
    • Stitching - (outdated.) paternal cousin, uncle's daughter.

Second cousins

Second cousins- children of cousins ​​and sisters in relation to each other:

  • Second cousin- the grandson of a brother and / or sister of a grandfather or grandmother; the son of a cousin or aunt, a cousin of a parent.
  • Second cousin- granddaughter of a brother or sister of a grandfather or grandmother; daughter of a great-uncle or aunt, cousin of a parent.

Four cousins

Four cousins- children of second cousins ​​and sisters in relation to each other.

Brothers and sisters have common parents, cousins ​​have common grandfather and grandmother, second cousins ​​have common great-grandfather and great-grandmother, fourth-cousins ​​have common great-great-grandfather and great-great-grandmother, and so on.

In neighboring generations

Siblings of the parent (and their spouses):

  • Uncle (uncle) - a man in relation to the children of a brother or sister, a brother of a father or mother.
    • Stryi (striae, line, strytsa) - (outdated.) paternal uncle (father's brother).
    • Uh (woo) - (outdated.) maternal uncle (mother's brother).
  • Aunt (aunt, colloquial aunt) - a woman in relation to the children of a brother or sister, a sister of a father or mother.
    • Strya (striae, string, stryina) - (outdated.) paternal aunt (father's sister).
    • Wujna - (outdated.) maternal aunt (mother's sister).

Children of a brother or sister:

  • Nephew (nephew, netiy) - a boy / man in relation to an uncle or aunt, the son of a brother or sister.
    • Bratich (bratanich, bratelnik, son) - (outdated.) brother's son, brother's nephew.
    • Bratanich - (outdated.) nephew, son of an older brother. Younger son - bratelnik.
    • Sister (sister, sisters, sister) - (outdated.) sister's son, sister's nephew.
  • Niece (nephew, nester) - a girl / woman in relation to an uncle or aunt, a daughter of a brother or sister.
    • Bro (bro, bro, son) - (outdated.) brother's daughter, brother's niece.
    • Sister (sister) - (outdated.) sister's daughter, sister's niece.

Parent's cousins ​​and sisters:

  • Cousin uncle (strict small) - boy / man in relation to the children of a cousin or sister = cousin of the father or mother.
  • Cousin aunt- a woman in relation to the children of a cousin or sister = cousin of a father or mother.

Children of a cousin or sister:

  • Cousin nephew- a boy / man in relation to a cousin or aunt, the son of a cousin or sister.
    • Dscherich- Aunt's nephew.
  • Cousin niece- a girl / woman in relation to a cousin or aunt, the daughter of a cousin or sister.
    • Dscher- my aunt's niece.

Aunt Uncle)

Uncle Aunt)

Cousin
(Cousin)

Bro
(Cousin-in-law)

Cousin nephew
(Cousin niece)

Through a generation

Siblings of the grandmother and grandfather:

  • Great uncle (great uncle) - a man in relation to the grandchildren of a brother or sister, a brother of a grandfather or grandmother, an uncle of a parent.
    • Old great - (outdated.) the elder brother of a grandfather or grandmother, a great uncle.
    • Old fellow - (outdated.) the younger brother of a grandfather or grandmother, a great uncle.
  • Great aunt (great aunt) - a woman in relation to the grandchildren of a brother or sister, a sister of a grandfather or grandmother, aunt of a parent.
  • Great-nephew- a boy / man in relation to the uncle or aunt of the parent, the grandson of a brother or sister, the son of a nephew (s), a cousin.
  • Grand niece- a girl / woman in relation to the uncle or aunt of the parent, the granddaughter of a brother or sister, the daughter of a nephew (s), a cousin.

Granny

Great Uncle / Great Uncle
(Great Aunt / Great Aunt)

Father

Cousin aunt
(Cousin uncle)

Cousin uncle
(Cousin aunt)

Second cousin
(Second cousin)

Grandmother and grandfather's cousins ​​and sisters:

  • Second cousin grandfather- a man in relation to the grandchildren of a cousin or sister, a cousin of a grandfather or grandmother, a cousin of a parent.
  • Second aunt- a woman in relation to the grandchildren of a cousin or sister, a cousin of a grandfather or grandmother, a cousin of a parent.
  • Great-cousin-nephew- a boy / man in relation to a parent's cousin or aunt, a grandson of a cousin or sister, a son of a cousin's nephew (s), a second cousin.
  • Grand-cousin niece- a girl / woman in relation to a parent's cousin or aunt, granddaughter of a cousin or sister, daughter of a cousin's nephew (s), second cousin granddaughter.

Relatives through more generations are called by adding the prefix "pra-". For example: "great-uncle great-grandfather", "great-grand-cousin niece."

Property (Kinship through marriage)

Spouses

  • Spouses- persons who are married.
    • Husband (spouse) - a man in relation to a woman who is married to him.
    • Wife (spouse) - a woman in relation to a man who is married to her.

Parents of spouses

  • Father-in-law- the husband's father.
  • Mother-in-law- the husband's mother.
  • Father-in-law- the wife's father.
  • Mother-in-law- the wife's mother.
  • Matchmaker- the father of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, the father of the son's wife or the father of the daughter's husband.
  • Svatya- the mother of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, the mother of the son's wife or the mother of the husband's daughter.

Brothers and sisters of spouses

  • Brother-in-law- Brother husband ( Eastern European dialects - schwager).
  • Sister-in-law- husband's sister.
  • Brother-in-law- brother-in-law ( Eastern European dialects - schwager).
    • Shurich (obsolete)- son of brother-in-law.
  • Sister-in-law (outdated. sister-in-law) - wife's sister.

Mother-in-law
husband's mother

Father-in-law
husband's father

Mother-in-law
wife's mother

Father-in-law
wife's father

Brother-in-law
Brother husband

Sister-in-law
husband's sister

N
husband

M
wife

Sister-in-law
wife's sister

Brother-in-law
brother-in-law

Spouse of a close relative

  • Son-in-law- the husband of a daughter, sister, niece. In other words, son-in-law- a man in relation to his wife's family: to her parents (father-in-law and mother-in-law), her sisters (sisters-in-law), her brothers (brothers-in-law) and the wives of the latter (daughters-in-law).
    • Primak (priymak, housekeeper, vlazen, prized, vabiy) - a son-in-law adopted into the family of his wife's father-in-law or mother-in-law in a house for one household.
  • Daughter-in-law(Dahl etymology: son- a son's wife - now considered erroneous) - a son's wife in relation to his father (father-in-law).
  • Daughter-in-law- the wife of a son, brother, brother-in-law, brother-in-law. In other words nevete- a woman in relation to her husband's family: his mother (mother-in-law), brothers (in-law) and sisters (sister-in-law), wives of brothers (yatrovka, intercourse) and husbands of sisters (sons-in-law).
    • Yatrovka (yater, brother) - the wife of a brother, brother-in-law, brother-in-law. In other words yatrovka- a woman in relation to her husband's family: his brothers (sisters-in-law) and his sisters (sister-in-law), wives of brothers (yatrovka) and husbands of sisters (sons-in-law). Yatrovki(daughters-in-law) - women whose husbands are brothers.
    • The woman- a woman in relation to the wife of a brother-in-law (intercourse). In other words, internees- women whose husbands are brothers.

Yatrovki = Female wives

  • Brother-in-law- husband of sister-in-law = husband of wife's sister. In other words, brother-in-law- men whose wives are sisters. See also Sibling (disambiguation).
  • Uyka (vuika) - (obsolete) uya's wife, that is, the wife of his maternal uncle, the wife of his mother's brother.
  • Bro- the wife of a cousin.

Unrelated relationship

In the life of people, close unrelated relationships are of great importance, which are reflected in the terminology. It should be remembered about the external closeness of these terms to the terms of consanguinity and not to confuse them.

Before marriage

  • Fever- a girl / girl / woman who is the object of someone's love for someone who is in love with her.
  • Fancy man- a boy / young man / man caring for or in love with a female person in relation to her.
  • Groom- a man intending to marry in relation to his future wife (bride).
  • Bride- a woman intending to get married in relation to her future husband (groom).
  • Betrothed (obsolete)- a man (often abstract, ideal), in relation to a woman with whom he will marry in the future, a future husband.
  • Constricted (obsolete)- a woman (often abstract, ideal), in relation to a man with whom she will marry in the future, a future wife.

Wedding and marriage

  • Planted parents- persons substituting for the parents of the groom or the bride at the wedding.
    • Planted mother- a woman who replaces the mother of the groom or bride at the wedding.
    • Planted father- a person acting instead of the groom's or bride's father at a wedding.

Out of wedlock

  • Roommate (vulg. co-hostel) - a man who lives with his partner and is in close relationship with her without official registration. (See Actual marriage)
  • Concubine(concubine) - a woman who lives with her partner and is in close relationship with him without official registration. (See Actual marriage)
  • Lover (vulg. hahal) - a man who is in close relations with his partner, not encouraged by the law or the morality of a given society, community, relatives.
  • Mistress- a woman who is in a close relationship with her partner, which is not encouraged by the law or the morality of the given society, community, relatives.

Relationship in the second (and subsequent) marriage

  • Half brother, half-sister- children who have one father and different mothers.
  • Half brother, Half sister- children who have one mother, but different fathers.
    • Step-brother, half-sister- children from the first marriages of persons in relation to each other, that is, not relatives, not consanguineous and not single uterine, but only "brought together" into one family.
  • Stepfather (outdated. votchim) - a man in relation to the child of his wife, born in another marriage, the husband of the mother, but not the father.
  • Stepmother- a woman in relation to the child of her husband, born in another marriage, the wife of the father, but not the mother.
  • Stepson- a male representative in relation to his parent's partner in another marriage, a step-son of a husband or wife.
  • Stepdaughter- a female representative in relation to her parent's partner in another marriage, a step-daughter of a husband or wife ...

Adoption / Adoption Relationships or Losing Parents

  • Priemysh- adopted child.
    • Stepdaughter(named daughter, adopted) - a female person in relation to adoptive parents.
    • Foster-son(named son, adopted) - a male person in relation to adoptive parents (adoptive parents).
  • Adoptive mother(named mother) - adoptive step mother.
  • Adoptive father(named father) - I will adopt a step-father.
  • Guardian- a person who is entrusted with custody of someone.
  • Copekun- a person acting as a guardian jointly with another person in relation to the guardian.
  • Ward- the person in respect of whom guardianship or trusteeship is carried out in relation to the guardian / guardians and trustees.
  • Trustee- a person who is entrusted with guardianship over someone.

Spiritual relationship

  • Godfather (godfather) - a man in relation to the one he baptized.
    • Qom- godfather in relation to the parents of the godson and to the godmother, also recipient... The child's father in relation to the godfather and godmother.
  • Godmother (godmother) - a woman in relation to the one she baptized.
    • Kuma- godmother in relation to the parents of the godson and to the godfather, also recipient... The child's mother in relation to the godfather and godmother.
  • Godson (godson) - a male person in relation to those who baptized him.
  • God daughter (goddaughter) - a female person in relation to those who baptized her.
  • Godfather- the father of the godfather or godmother.
  • Godmother- the mother of the godfather or godmother.
  • God brother- the son of a godfather or godmother.
  • God sister- the daughter of a godfather or godmother.
  • Cross brothers(brothers on the cross, named brothers, sworn brothers) - men who exchanged pectoral crosses in relation to each other.
  • Cross sisters (sisters on the cross, sisters named, twin brothers, sisters) - women who exchanged body crosses in relation to each other.

Biological connections

  • Donor- a person who gives his blood, tissue, cells or organ for transplantation to other people.
  • Recipient- a person to whom an organ, tissue or cells of another organism is transplanted.
    • Simera- an organism with an engrafted graft.
  • Dairy mother(mother, nurse) - a woman who nursed someone else's child with her breast, in relation to this child.
    • Milk brother- a boy / man in relation to a person with whom they were breastfed by the same woman, but who is not a sister or maternal brother.
    • Dairy sister- a girl / woman in relation to a person with whom they were breastfed by the same woman, but who is not a sister or maternal brother.
  • Surrogate mother- a woman who has given birth to a child for other persons as a result of implantation of an embryo to her, in relation to the child born to her.

Individual status

  • Bachelor- unmarried man, unmarried man.
    • Bobyl- old unmarried man (bachelor).
  • Virgo, damsel- a woman who never married. The term damsel (obsolete) indicates the chastity of a girl.
    • Spinster, bean- a woman who has never been married, whose marriage is not expected due to age or personal characteristics.
  • Diluted- a man who divorced and did not remarry.
  • Divorced- a woman who divorced and did not remarry.
  • Widower- a man who did not marry after the death of his wife.
    • Gander- a man who lives for a long time separately from his wife for a reason that depends on her.
  • Widow- a woman who did not marry after the death of her husband.
    • Straw widow- a woman living for a long time separately from her husband for a reason that depends on him.
  • Soldier- a woman whose husband is a soldier.
  • Single mother- an unmarried woman or widow raising one or more children.
  • Single father- an unmarried man or widower raising one or more children.
  • Orphan- a child or minor whose parent has died.
    • Round orphan- a child or minor whose both parents died, that is, the father and mother.
  • Foundling- a child of unknown parents, thrown to strangers.
  • Foundling- a child abandoned by unknown parents and found by strangers.
  • Changeling- a step-child who, secretly from the parents, was replaced by their own child in infancy.

Other

  • Uncle, mom (mom), nanny (nanny)- a person (respectively, a man or a woman) assigned to care and supervise the child.
  • Kunak (Turkic, cf. tat. qunaq) - among the Caucasian highlanders - a person associated with someone with the obligation of mutual hospitality, friendship and protection; friend, buddy.
  • Mother Heroine- the honorary title of mothers in the USSR who gave birth and raised 10 or more children.
  • Named brother, named sister- a person who is not biologically related to this person, but who voluntarily agreed to a brotherly (sisterly) relationship. Usually such agreements are bilateral.
  • Founding Father- a man who initiated something, established or founded something.
  • Kindred- a native of the same land, associated with someone historically or culturally.
  • Countryman (vernacular.- land, vulg. zёma) - a native of the same area with someone.
  • Like-minded- a person who has common views, beliefs, ideology with the subject.

Families are not as big as they used to be. It is enough to know who the grandchildren, nephews, grandmothers, grandfathers, and cousins ​​are. And all the rest are simply called relatives. But unlike other languages, Russian is not greedy, it has its own name for everyone. It is not easy to thoroughly figure out who belongs to whom from the relatives, and if the relatives of one of the spouses have also been added, then it will take a couple of days to remember. To facilitate this process, www ..

Names of blood relatives

Before moving on to the names of future relatives, first it is worth figuring out who is to whom and by whom in his family. There are several degrees of kinship, they consider from the first to the sixth, since then the ties become too distant. So, the degrees are in descending order:

  1. Father - son / daughter, mother - son / daughter.
  2. Grandfather / grandmother - grandchildren.
  3. Great-grandfather / great-grandmother - great-grandchildren, uncles / aunts - nephews.
  4. A cousin / brother, great aunt / grandfather - great nephews / nieces.
  5. Cousins ​​/ aunts are great cousins ​​/ nieces.
  6. Second cousins ​​and brothers.


Brothers / sisters of the mother or father, as well as their spouses, are called uncles / aunts, but wives and husbands are, of course, not blood relatives. There is also the concept of great and small uncles / aunts. The first was the sister and brother of the grandfather / grandmother, and the second - the father / mother. Now they are simply called great-uncles / grandparents and great-uncles / aunts.

It's just that nephews are children of brothers / sisters, grand-nephews, respectively, their grandchildren. But grandchildren are also called any second cousins. Cousins ​​today are often called cousins ​​and cousins ​​in the Western manner and have completely forgotten their old Russian names - sister and bro. Although the latter is popular in certain youth circles, it does not imply consanguinity. By the way, if you are thinking about how to distribute responsibilities at a wedding, then keep in mind that everyone can be involved in organizing the celebration, even people of the sixth degree of kinship, if, of course, you are familiar with them.


The rite of baptism is important for many families, it is believed that the sooner it is done, the better. Therefore, as a rule, a child already in the first year of life has new relatives, and what are the names of the relatives who came to the family in this case, we all know well - godparents, among themselves and in relation to the child's parents, they are considered godfather and godfather. The godson and goddaughter, respectively, the girl and boy they baptized. Further, the word godfather (godmother) is added to all relatives from this side. But the cross brothers or sisters have a different meaning. This is the name of the people who themselves exchanged the pectoral crosses. In addition to godparents, there may also be planted parents. This is the name of those who replace their father and mother at the wedding ceremony.


Not blood, but close

There are cases when people who are not related by blood become a family, for example, when a man and a woman marry with children from previous marriages, or spouses adopt a child. In this case, family members will be called:

  • stepmother is a stepmother,
  • stepfather is a stepfather,
  • stepson - step-son,
  • stepdaughter - stepdaughter,
  • named son - adopted,
  • named daughter - adopted,
  • named mother and father are adoptive parents,
  • stepbrothers and sisters - natural and step children among themselves.

Also, people whose names can be found more often in films and books than in reality can be classified as non-native, but close ones:

  • a dairy mother - a woman who nursed a step-child in relation to him,
  • foster brother or sister - children who are not born among themselves, fed by one woman,
  • uncle, mother - a man or woman who looks after the child and brings up him, today better known as nannies and nannies.


Relationship by property or who is who after the wedding

As soon as the young people officially became husband and wife, the number of family ties of each of them multiplied by two. And it would be good to know what the names of the relatives you have just acquired are called, because in many families it is still customary to address each other according to a long-established tradition. Let's figure out who is to whom and by whom after the wedding.


Husband, wife and their parents

Everything is simple here, the names of the mothers and fathers of the spouses are widely known today and are still actively used. The wife's parents are father-in-law and mother-in-law, the husband's parents are father-in-law and mother-in-law. Fathers are matchmakers among themselves, and mothers are matchmakers. And they were called that because it was with their participation that the bride's matchmaking ceremony took place. After the wedding, the wife receives the status of daughter-in-law or daughter-in-law (for the husband's father), and the husband - son-in-law. It is interesting that in Russian there is a special word for a husband who settled with his wife's parents - primak. Previously, this was not accepted, apparently, that is why popular rumor especially singled out such husbands.


Brothers and sisters of young couples with spouses

The brother and sister of the husband, respectively, are called brother-in-law and sister-in-law, and the brother and sister of the wife are called brother-in-law and sister-in-law. The speakers of the Eastern European dialect also call the brothers on both sides Schwager.

As for the brothers' wives, their names and who they are to each other, the Russian language did not skimp on names. There are more of them than for any other relatives - yatrovki, intercourse, and in some regions, like the husband's sister, they have the name of sister-in-law. Accordingly, the wives of the brothers in relation to each other are also called.

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In Russia, it is customary to consider persons who live with them, that is, one family, as close relatives. There is also no single answer in the law. Normative acts give different interpretations. Therefore, different concepts are applied depending on the specific situation. The definition of kinship becomes relevant when registering a marriage, registering an inheritance. Consider who, according to the law, are close relatives.

Who are considered close relatives by law

Various regulations establish the concept of close relatives for a specific branch of law. Therefore, the composition of close relatives directly depends on the law enforcement situation.

Legal acts:

  1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. If we consider the issue in the context of inheritance law, then here the issue of kinship is relevant in inheritance by law. Depending on the degree of kinship, relatives are divided into turns. - parents / children of the testator and the second spouse.
  2. Administrative Code. Administrative legislation includes in the list of close parents / adoptive parents, natural / adopted children, brothers / sisters. As well as grandmothers / grandfathers, grandchildren (Article 25.6 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation).
  3. RF IC. Family legislation includes grandmothers / grandfathers, parents / children, brothers / sisters with common parents (Article 14 of the RF IC). Here, as in the Administrative Code, different hereditary queues are indicated.
  4. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The amount of the state duty when registering an inheritance is established by the degree of kinship (Article 333.24 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The heirs of the 1st and 2nd lines pay 0,3% from the price of the inheritance. While other heirs must pay tax at a rate 0,6%. As you can see, parents / children, spouse, brothers / sisters have a material advantage.
  5. Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The interpretation of the Criminal Procedure Law is identical to that spelled out in the Administrative Code.

Close relatives do not belong to the concept

Determination of family ties

P / p No.Relationship to the deceasedThe presence / absence of family ties
1 Persons who are relatives due to blood ties, but are not included in the number of close relativesThis group includes cousins ​​/ sisters. That is, the descendants of the brothers / sisters of a particular citizen. Also such are great-grandmothers / great-grandfathers, great-grandchildren / great-granddaughters. As well as uncles / aunts, nephews / nieces.
2 Persons who are relatives of a spouseDue to the lack of blood ties, such citizens are not included in the family. Father-in-law / mother-in-law, father-in-law / mother-in-law, son-in-law / daughter-in-law are not relatives. But they are such to one of the spouses. For example, a father-in-law is the spouse's father in relation to her husband.
3 Persons who perform the functions of relatives, but are not legally suchGuardians / wards are actually the same parent-child relationship. The common-law spouses are in a de facto marriage relationship, but are legally cohabitants. There are no family ties between the listed citizens. However, it can appear as a result of the formalization of the relationship. A guardian can adopt a ward and equate him with a blood child. Common-law spouses can register a marriage.

Which relatives are considered close

Close relatives are vertical / horizontal ancestors and descendants. Ancestors are considered to be people who are preceded by consanguinity, that is, parents in relation to their children. Children of blood parents are recognized as descendants.

However, there are exceptions in the legislation. The lack of consanguinity between adoptive parents / adopted children still makes them relatives. This also applies to legal spouses. They are recognized as such after the registration of the marriage. Whereas there is no consanguinity between these persons.

If a man and a woman live, then they are not recognized as relatives. Such persons do not have the right to inherit. An exception may be the presence of a will. The testator has the right to dispose of personal property at his own discretion.

Cousins ​​are close relatives.

Cousins ​​/ siblings are not close relatives. But such will be their parents to each other.

They are endowed with the right of inheritance by right of representation in the event of the death of the uncle or aunt of the deceased before the death of the owner or together with him.

The Civil Code classifies cousins ​​and sisters as members of the right of representation. Therefore, they pay the state duty upon inheritance in the amount of 0,6% from the value of the property received.

Are the husband and wife relatives, spouses

Husband and wife cannot be related. Moreover, the law prohibits marriage to persons who are close relatives (Article 14 of the RF IC).

As a result of the registration of relations between them, another connection arises - the marriage union. However, the bond is valid only during the marriage period. After the termination of the relationship, the mutual rights and obligations of the spouses cease.

The husband / wife inherits property after each other as heirs of the 1st line. However, the right does not apply to former and common-law spouses.

Is the grandmother a close relative

The grandmother is a close relative:

  • your daughter / son;
  • granddaughter / grandson.

The grandmother of the legal spouse has no relationship with his wife. From the perspective of the Civil Code, grandmothers are heirs of the 2nd line.

Is your own sister a close relative

The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation classifies sisters as relatives. At the same time, such persons inherit the property of the deceased person as heirs of the 2nd line.

The law applies to sisters:

  • full sisters (common mother and father with the testator);
  • not full-blooded sisters (half-sisters or half-sisters);
  • girls adopted by the blood parents of the testator (if the adoption was not canceled before the citizens reach the age of majority;
  • girls adopted by the testator's adoptive parents (if the adoption of one of the children was not canceled before the citizens reach 18 years of age).

Does not apply to sisters:

  • girls adopted under guardianship or into a foster family by the parents or adoptive parents of the testator;
  • stepdaughters of blood parents / adoptive parents of the testator.

Is the mother-in-law a close relative by law?

Any citizen can be a relative of one spouse and a stranger to the other. For example, mother and son are related. They inherit property from each other.

If the son gets married, then his mother becomes the mother-in-law in relation to the legal wife. among themselves are not relatives. They also do not have the right to inherit.

Is the uncle a close relative

The brothers are close relatives to each other. Although they inherit property one after the other as heirs of the 2nd stage. Their children are among themselves cousins ​​/ sisters.

Uncles are no longer close relatives in relation to nephews. They belong to the assignees of the 3rd stage and pay a fee of 0.6% of the value of the property received.

Is the sibling a close relative

The sibling is a close relative of the RF IC. A sibling is meant as a half-brother or half-brother.

The right to inherit from such persons arises as from the heirs of the 2nd stage. Priority is given to the native children, parents, spouse of the deceased person.

Blood ties are not enough to obtain inheritance rights. It is imperative that the parents formally recognize each of the children.

If a sibling is adopted as a minor, then he loses the right of inheritance in relation to all members of the blood family, including in relation to brothers.

Are the cousins ​​close relatives

Cousins ​​are not close relatives. Their parents have this status.

Cousins ​​inherit by right of representation in the event of the death of their parents before death or at the same time as the testator. They are not singled out as independent heirs.

Are the grandchildren close relatives

Determination of the degree of kinship plays an important role in the registration of inheritance. One of the basic questions is the order of inheritance. Line 1 heirs have priority over other contenders. An equally important area is the size of the state duty, which is calculated based on the degree of kinship and the value of the property. In order not to get lost in the legislative labyrinths, it is advisable to consult a specialized lawyer. You can order a free callback on the website. The specialist will call you back at the specified time and discuss the situation with you. Timely analysis of the situation will help save time and effort. If, due to ignorance of the law or deception on the part of relatives, you missed the deadline for submitting documents, a lawyer can prepare the necessary papers in court or represent your interests. It will be possible to agree on this separately.

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The skeleton of a Neanderthal and modern man: ours looks much more elegant

In this reconstruction, the Neanderthal turned out to be not too scary - however, according to the generally accepted theory, it was they who were our first enemies and became one of the first species completely exterminated by man.


From left to right: Skillful Man, Rudolph Man, Homo erectus, Neanderthal Man. Homo sapiens can be seen in the mirror


Of all the "relatives" of our species, no one has survived to this day

Human bones were found in the "Pestera-mueri" ("Old Woman's Cave") cave back in 1952, but only now the find has undergone a detailed study. A group of researchers led by Erik Trinkaus determined that the age of six bones found in a Romanian cave is 30 thousand years. Archaeologists have found that the bones belonged to one of the first modern humans to appear in Europe. Previously, it was believed that the most ancient man of the modern type, found on the territory of Europe, lived here about 28 thousand years ago. However, new research has pushed this term even further and raised many new questions about the relationship of Neanderthals with modern humans.

The most interesting thing about the find is that specific anatomical features inherent in Neanderthals were found in the structure of the bones. This is indicated, in particular, by the presence of an occipital node on the posterior surface of the skull, a number of features of the attachment of muscles to the lower jaw, as well as some other fine structural details characteristic of the Neanderthal skull. Meanwhile, already at the time of the migration of the ancestors of modern people from Africa, these features were absent.

The first Neanderthals came to the European continent 400 thousand years ago, and modern people are believed to have ended up here only 40 thousand years ago. The brutal opposition of the primitive subspecies led to the fact that after 10-15 thousand years, the Neanderthals disappeared from the face of the continent. Their last refuge, discovered in the Iberian Peninsula, is believed to have been abandoned 24 thousand years ago.

Scientists are divided on the issue of the departure of the Neanderthals. There are two main versions of their disappearance. The adherents of the first version believe that the Neanderthal species was simply exterminated by modern people or ceased to exist due to harsh natural conditions, for example, climate change. Others believe that Neanderthals mingled with modern humans and enriched the species with their genes. Homo sapiens... As Eric Trinkaus says, "the data obtained in the course of our research refutes the version of the disappearance of the Neanderthals due to their complete extermination by modern people."

It is worth saying that earlier studies also demonstrate a connection between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. For example, there is a so-called skeleton of a child "Lagar Velho" found in Portugal in 1999, who lived about 25 thousand years ago. Presumably, it belonged to a hybrid of a human and a Neanderthal. And the work on dating the last refuge of the Neanderthals showed their close proximity to our direct ancestors.

Perhaps the reconstruction of the Neanderthal genome, if it can be carried out, will solve the issue of kinship Homo sapiens sapiens- that is, us - and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis(in accordance with the latest trends in anthropology, Neanderthals are considered to be a subspecies of Homo sapiens).