What space object disappears over time. Test work in geography on the topic "Earth in the Universe" (grade 5). In one hemisphere it will be hot, like in the Sahara Desert, in the other - arctic cold
Science news. An unidentified object in outer space moves faster than the speed of light. Astronomers around the world are perplexed because none of them can identify an unusual cosmic anomaly. An unknown object is moving at a speed that is several times the speed of light.
Not so long ago, information appeared that a substance was discovered in space that moves at an incredible speed. However, using modern diagnostic methods, scientists have not yet been able to determine the origin of this phenomenon.
Why does an object move faster than the speed of light
Please note that even last year, scientists were able to fix this object, the speed of which exceeds the speed of light. Only now this information has leaked into open sources. Some believe that it could be something like a jet that forms when two stars merge.
However, if we accept such a reason for the origin of this substance, the nature of its behavior remains anomalous. After all, the stream of matter itself is extremely thin and deviates only twenty degrees from the line passing between the two stars.
Currently, experts officially declare that modern science has not yet discovered objects that can move at such a high speed. Research in this direction continues. superluminal motion of a celestial object remains unsolved.
As you know, photons move at the speed of light, the particles of light that make it up. The special theory of relativity will help us in this matter.
In science fiction films, interstellar spacecraft without exception fly at almost the speed of light. Usually this is the so-called hyperspeed by science fiction writers. Both writers and filmmakers describe and show it to us in almost the same artistic manner. Most often, in order for the ship to make a rapid dash, the heroes pull or press the control button, and the vehicle instantly accelerates, accelerating to almost the speed of light with a deafening pop. The stars that the viewer sees outside the ship first flicker, and then completely stretch out in line. But do the stars look like in the windows of a spacecraft at hyperspeed in reality? Researchers say no. In reality, instead of stars stretched out in a line, the passengers of the ship would see only a bright disk.
If the object moves at almost the speed of light, then it can see the Doppler effect in action. In physics, this is the name for the change in frequency and wavelength due to the rapid movement of the receiver. The frequency of light from stars flashing in front of the viewer from the ship will increase so much that it will shift from the visible range to the X-ray part of the spectrum. The stars seem to disappear! At the same time, the length of the relict electromagnetic radiation remaining after the Big Bang will decrease. The background radiation will become visible and appear as a light disc fading at the edges.
But what does the world look like from the side of an object that reaches the speed of light? As you know, photons, particles of light, of which it is composed, move at such speeds. The special theory of relativity will help us in this matter. According to it, when an object moves at the speed of light for an arbitrarily long time, the time spent on the movement of this object becomes equal to zero. In simple terms, if you move at the speed of light, then it is impossible to perform any action, such as observation, vision, sight, and so on. An object traveling at the speed of light will actually see nothing.
Photons always travel at the speed of light. They do not waste time on acceleration and deceleration, so their whole life for them lasts zero time. If we were photons, then our moments of birth and death would coincide, that is, we would simply not realize that the world exists at all. It is worth noting that if an object accelerates to the speed of light, then its speed in all reference frames becomes equal to the speed of light. Here's a physics ph. Applying the special theory of relativity, we can conclude that for an object moving at the speed of light, the entire surrounding world will appear to be infinitely flattened, and all events occurring in it will take place at the same time.
As the name implies, these are stars that somehow literally came back to life. We have all heard of supernovae, which are often called the death agony of a star. So, in most cases, supernovae actually represent the final phase of a star's life, when they literally explode and are completely destroyed. However, scientists at NASA believe that supernovae may leave behind part of a dying dwarf star.
Astronomers first started talking about the possibility of zombie stars when they observed a dim blue star feeding its energy to a larger companion star. This process ultimately led to the emergence of a relatively small supernova, classified as "Type Iax". It is not very bright and does not exude as much stellar mass as Type Ia supernovae do. At the moment, this is the only known process leading to the explosion of white dwarfs. As a rule, stars that explode at the end of their life cycle are massive and have relatively short transient cycles. White dwarfs, on the other hand, are colder, live longer, and usually do not explode. Instead, they scatter their mass, creating a planetary nebula. NASA experts say that they have already discovered about 30 supernovae of the Type Iax subclass, leaving behind the surviving white dwarfs. However, more research and observation is required to confirm their existence.
White holes
White holes are theorized by black hole scientists. Working with sophisticated mathematical models describing black holes, astronomers have discovered that if there is a singularity at the center of a massless black hole, or if there is no mass inside the event horizon, a white hole can be created.
Models say that if white holes did exist, then their behavior would be the exact opposite of black holes. That is, instead of absorbing absolutely all the matter surrounding them, they would "spit" it out into the Universe. However, the same models say that white holes can only exist if there is no matter inside their event horizon. Otherwise, even one atom of matter entering the white hole's event horizon will be able to cause its collapse and complete disappearance. That is, if white holes once existed at the beginning of the existence of our Universe, their life cycle would be very short, since it is filled with matter.
Dyson sphere
The Dyson sphere concept was first introduced by Freeman Dyson, an American physicist and astronomer who explored the idea through a thought experiment. He envisioned a sphere of enormous radius surrounding the star and acting as a collector of solar energy. In his opinion, a civilization sufficiently developed in technological terms will be able to use a kind of "shell", or "ring of matter" (literally), with the help of which it will be possible to collect up to 100 percent of the energy emitted by a star and transfer it to the planet. Dyson presented this "sphere" as an attempt to explain the possibility of extraterrestrial life in the universe. The discovery of such an object anywhere in the Universe will be direct evidence of the presence of a highly developed alien civilization.
The fact is in pursuit. If we can one day acquire the technology that will allow us to create a Dyson sphere around the Sun, then we can generate 384 yotawatts of energy, which is essentially all the generated power of the Sun's core.
Black dwarfs
Perhaps the term "black dwarf" does not evoke the same fantastic analogies as the term "zombie star" does, but the very concept of this hypothetical stellar object is no less interesting. Astronomers are aware of the existence of white, brown and red dwarf stars. So far, no one has seen black dwarfs, so they are still closer to theory. However, scientists believe that these objects can form from very long-cooling white dwarfs, when their temperature reaches the temperature of the background radiation - the cosmic microwave background radiation left after the Big Bang. Its indicator is now about 2.7 Kelvin.
It is assumed that these black dwarfs may be virtually invisible, since they have no internal energy source and, therefore, have a very low temperature. Theoretically, if a white dwarf with a temperature of 5 Kelvin could turn into a black dwarf, then it took about 1015 years. However, the life cycle of white dwarfs is very long, so it will take a very, very long time for their temperature to drop to this level.
Quark stars
Quark, or, as they are also called, "strange" stars, are stars consisting of so-called "quark matter", elementary particles of ordinary matter. Astronomers believe that such stars can be created after medium-sized stars (about 1.44 times smaller than our Sun) run out of fuel to maintain a thermonuclear reaction and they enter the collapsing stage of their life cycle. When they collapse, protons and electrons are squeezed together so much that they eventually form neutrons. However, scientists suggest that if a star has a sufficiently large mass and continues to collapse after this stage, then the created neutrons under colossal pressure can break into quarks, creating a surprisingly dense form of matter.
A scientific article published in 2012 describes the hypothetical nature and nature of these strange stars. The authors of the work explain that these stars can be enveloped in a thin nuclear "crust" of heavy ions immersed in electron gas. But not always. Sometimes this crust may be missing. In this case, quark stars begin to produce very powerful electric fields of up to 1019 V / cm (volts per centimeter).
Ocean planets
As the name suggests, the surface of oceanic planets, or water worlds, can be completely covered by endless oceans. The idea of water worlds became popular when NASA's aerospace agency announced the existence of two planets outside our solar system: Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f. Scientists suspect that these planets may be oceanic worlds and contain a rich variety of oceanic life.
A paper published in June 2004 explains how this type of planet can form. It is believed that such planets can appear only at a relatively large distance from their native stars and only then slowly begin to approach them (approximately over a period of about 1 million years). Over time, the planet becomes 5-10 times closer to the star than it was originally formed. The article also discusses the internal structure of such planets, as well as how deep their oceans can be and what kind of atmosphere can cover these water worlds.
Chthonic planets
The idea of chthonic planets became popular thanks to the planet Osiris, located about 153 years from the solar system. NASA aerospace scientists were surprised when they found carbon and oxygen in the atmosphere of a planet outside the solar system. However, another interesting detail later emerged - the atmosphere of Osiris evaporates very quickly.
On the basis of this, the researchers deduced a new class of planets called chthonic. They become them when gas giants, similar to our Jupiter, reach a critical level of rapprochement with their native stars. In this case, the outer layers of their atmosphere begin to evaporate rapidly. In essence, the Chthonic planets are the remains of the once large gas giants that have lost their gas shell and exposed their dense central core.
Preon stars
Hypothetical preonic stars may be an extension of quark stars. When the star shrinks so much that it turns into a quark star, but still retains enough mass to continue the collapse process, then the quarks, according to scientists, will begin to split into preons.
To date, science has not found a way to divide quarks into preons. Nevertheless, if quarks are actually made of them, then theoretically the star will be able to reach an even denser state.
Ghost galaxies
The so-called ghost galaxies are dark galaxies with very few stars. They are so ineffective in creating new luminaries that they are mostly composed of gas and dust, making them virtually invisible. They are still considered hypothetical objects, but astronomers tend to believe that ghost galaxies may actually exist. In 2012, an international team of scientists announced that they had discovered the first such dark galaxy. More data analysis is required to confirm the results.
Another type of galaxies is also attributed to ghost galaxies. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they consist of up to 99 percent of dark matter. One of these galaxies, called Dragonfly 44, was found in 2014. In terms of mass, it is not inferior to the Milky Way, but at the same time it has 100 times less number of stars compared to our galaxy. If we ever manage to observe and study it in more detail, then this information will seriously increase our knowledge base about the formation process of both galaxies themselves and dark matter.
Cosmic strings
Cosmic strings are a crazy idea in and of themselves, but the craziest thing about it is that they can actually exist. These strings are some kind of defects in the fabric of space and time and appeared shortly after the birth of the Universe. If it were possible to interact with one of these strings, then, according to theories, it would be possible to create a "closed time curve", allowing you to travel back in time.
Scientists were so interested in cosmic strings that they began to think about how a time machine could be created on their basis. In their opinion, if you place two strings close enough to each other or connect a string to a black hole, then you can create a whole array of such closed time curves, moving in space and time.
Despite the fact that conclusive evidence of their existence has not yet been found, there are indirect signs of their presence in the tissue of the Universe. This, in particular, shows the observation of quasars, as well as some galaxies. As scientists say, it is impossible to see the cosmic string itself, but it, like any very massive object, creates the effect of gravitational lensing - it forces light from sources behind it to bend around it.
From childhood, we learn the elementary truths about the structure of the Universe: all planets are round, there is nothing in space, the sun is burning. Meanwhile, this is all not true. No wonder the new Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva recently announced that it is necessary to return astronomy lessons to school. Editorial staff Medialeaks fully supports this initiative and invites readers to update their ideas about the planets and stars.
1. The earth is an even ball
The actual shape of the Earth is somewhat different from the globe from the store. Many people know that our planet is slightly flattened from the poles. But besides this, different points of the earth's surface are removed from the center of the core at different distances. It's not just the relief, it's just that the Earth is uneven. For clarity, use such a slightly exaggerated illustration.
Closer to the equator, the planet generally has a kind of protrusion. Therefore, for example, the point on the earth's surface farthest from the center of the planet is not Everest (8848 m), but the Chimborazo volcano (6268 m) - its peak is 2.5 km further. This is not visible in the images from space, since the deviation from the ideal ball is no more than 0.5% of the radius, in addition, the atmosphere smoothes out the imperfections in the appearance of our beloved planet. The correct name for the shape of the Earth is geoid.
2. The sun is burning
We used to think that the Sun is a huge ball of fire, so it seems to us that it is burning, there is a flame on its surface. In fact, combustion is a chemical reaction that requires an oxidizer and a fuel, an atmosphere. (By the way, this is why explosions in outer space are practically impossible).
The sun is a huge piece of plasma in a state of thermonuclear reaction; it does not burn, but glows, emitting a stream of photons and charged particles. That is, the Sun is not fire, it is a large and very, very warm light.
3. The Earth makes a revolution around its axis in exactly 24 hours
It often seems that some days pass faster, others slower. Oddly enough, this is true. A sunny day, that is, the time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the sky, varies within plus or minus about 8 minutes at different times of the year in different parts of the planet. This is due to the fact that the linear velocity of motion and the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation around the Sun constantly change as it moves along an elliptical orbit. The day is either slightly increased or slightly decreased.
In addition to solar days, there are also sidereal days - the time during which the Earth makes one revolution around its axis in relation to distant stars. They are more constant, their duration is 23 hours 56 minutes 04 seconds.
4. Full weightlessness in orbit
It is generally accepted that the cosmonaut on the space station is in a state of complete weightlessness and his weight is zero. Yes, the influence of the Earth's gravity at an altitude of 100-200 km from its surface is less noticeable, but it remains just as powerful: that is why the ISS and people in it remain in orbit, and not fly away in a straight line into open space.
In simple terms, both the station and the cosmonauts in it are in endless free fall (only they do not fall down, but forward), and the very rotation of the station around the planet keeps soaring. It would be more correct to call it microgravity. A state close to complete weightlessness can be experienced only outside the Earth's gravitational field.
5. Instant death in space without a spacesuit
Oddly enough, for a person who fell out of the hatch of a spaceship without a spacesuit, death is not so inevitable. It will not turn into an icicle: yes, the temperature in open space is -270 ° C, but heat exchange in a vacuum is impossible, so the body, on the contrary, will begin to heat up. Internal pressure is also not enough to blow up a person from the inside.
The main danger is explosive decompression: the gas bubbles in the blood will begin to expand, but in theory this can be survived. In addition, in space conditions there is not enough pressure to maintain a liquid state of matter, therefore, water will begin to evaporate very quickly from the mucous membranes of the body (tongue, eyes, lungs). In earth orbit, under direct sunlight, instant burns of unprotected skin areas are inevitable (by the way, the temperature here will be like in a sauna - about 100 ° C). All this is very unpleasant, but not fatal. It is very important to be in space while exhaling (air retention will lead to barotrauma).
As a result, according to NASA scientists, under certain conditions there is a chance that 30-60 seconds of being in outer space will not cause damage to the human body that is incompatible with life. Death in the end will come precisely from suffocation.
6. The asteroid belt is a dangerous place for starships
Science fiction films have taught us that asteroid clusters are piles of space debris that fly in close proximity to each other. On maps of the solar system, the Asteroid Belt also usually looks like a serious obstacle. Yes, in this place there is a very high density of celestial bodies, but only by cosmic standards: half-kilometer blocks fly at a distance of hundreds of thousands of kilometers from each other.
Humanity launched about a dozen probes that went beyond the orbit of Mars and flew to the orbit of Jupiter without the slightest problem. Impenetrable accumulations of cosmic rocks and rocks, such as those shown in Star Wars, can result from the collision of two massive celestial bodies. And then - not for long.
7. We see millions of stars
Until recently, the expression "myriad of stars" was nothing more than a rhetorical exaggeration. With the naked eye from the Earth in the clearest weather, you can see at the same time no more than 2-3 thousand celestial bodies. In total in both hemispheres - about 6 thousand. But in photographs of modern telescopes, one can indeed find hundreds of millions, if not billions of stars (no one has counted yet).
The recently acquired Hubble Ultra Deep Field image captured about 10,000 galaxies, the most distant of which are approximately 13.5 billion light-years away. According to scientists, these ultra-distant star clusters appeared "only" 400-800 million years after the Big Bang.
8. The stars are motionless
It is not the stars that move in the sky, but the Earth revolves - until the 18th century, scientists were sure that, with the exception of planets and comets, most of the celestial bodies remain motionless. However, over time it was proved that all stars and galaxies, without exception, are in motion. If we went back several tens of millennia ago, we would not recognize the starry sky above our heads (like the moral law, by the way).
Of course, this happens slowly, but individual stars change their position in outer space in such a way that it becomes noticeable after a few years of observations. Bernard's star flies the fastest - its speed is 110 km / s. Galaxies are shifting too.
For example, the Andromeda Nebula, visible to the naked eye from Earth, is approaching the Milky Way at a speed of about 140 km / s. In about 5 billion years, we will collide.
9. The moon has a dark side
The moon is always facing the Earth with one side, because its rotation around its own axis and around our planet is synchronized. However, this does not mean that the sun's rays never fall on the half invisible to us.
On a new moon, when the side facing the Earth is completely in shadow, the other side is fully illuminated. However, on a natural satellite of the Earth, day is replaced by night somewhat slower. A full lunar day lasts approximately two weeks.
10. Mercury is the hottest planet in the solar system
It is quite logical to assume that the planet closest to the Sun is also the hottest in our system. Also not true. The maximum temperature on the surface of Mercury is 427 ° C. This is less than Venus, which recorded 477 ° C. The second planet is almost 50 million km farther from the Sun than the first, but Venus has a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide, which, due to the greenhouse effect, preserves and accumulates temperature, while Mercury has practically no atmosphere.
There is one more thing. Mercury makes a complete revolution around its axis in 58 Earth days. A two-month night cools the surface down to -173 ° C, that is, the average temperature at the equator of Mercury is about 300 ° C. And at the poles of the planet, which always remain in the shadows, there is even ice.
11. The solar system consists of nine planets
From childhood, we used to think that the solar system has nine planets. Pluto was discovered in 1930, and for more than 70 years it remained a full member of the planetary pantheon. However, after much debate in 2006, Pluto was downgraded to the title of the largest dwarf planet in our system. The fact is that this celestial body does not correspond to one of the three definitions of a planet, according to which such an object should, with its mass, clear the vicinity of its orbit. Pluto's mass is only 7% of the combined weight of all Kuiper belt objects. For example, another planetoid from this area, Eris, is smaller than Pluto in diameter by only 40 km, but noticeably heavier. For comparison, the mass of the Earth is 1.7 million times greater than that of all other bodies in the vicinity of its orbit. That is, there are still eight full-fledged planets in the solar system.
12. Exoplanets are like Earth
Almost every month, astronomers delight us with reports that they have discovered another exoplanet, on which life could theoretically exist. Imagination immediately draws a green-blue ball somewhere near Proxima Centauri, where it can be dumped when our Earth finally breaks down. In fact, scientists have no idea what exoplanets look like and what conditions are on them. The fact is that they are so far away that with modern methods we cannot yet calculate their actual sizes, the composition of the atmosphere and the temperature on the surface.
As a rule, only the estimated distance between such a planet and its star is known. Of the hundreds of exoplanets found that are within the habitable zone, potentially suitable for supporting Earth-like life, only a few could potentially turn out to be similar to our home planet.
13. Jupiter and Saturn - balls of gas
We all know that the largest planets of the solar system are gas giants, but this does not mean at all that once in the gravitational zone of these planets, the body will fall through them until it reaches a solid core.
Jupiter and Saturn are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Under the clouds, at a depth of several thousand kilometers, a layer begins in which hydrogen, under the influence of monstrous pressure, gradually passes from a gaseous to a state of a liquid boiling metal. The temperature of this substance reaches 6 thousand ° C. Interestingly, Saturn emits into space 2.5 times more energy that the planet receives from the Sun, it is not yet clear why.
14. In the solar system, life can only exist on Earth
If something like terrestrial life existed anywhere else in the solar system, we would notice it ... Right? For example, the first organics appeared on Earth more than 4 billion years ago, but for another hundreds of millions of years, no external observer would have seen any clear signs of life, and the first multicellular organisms appeared only after 3 billion years. In fact, in addition to Mars, there are at least two other places in our system where life may well exist: these are the satellites of Saturn - Titan and Enceladus.
Titan has a dense atmosphere, as well as seas, lakes and rivers - though not from water, but from liquid methane. But in 2010, scientists from NASA announced that they found signs of the possible existence of the simplest forms of life on this moon of Saturn, using methane and hydrogen instead of water and oxygen.
Enceladus is covered with a thick layer of ice, it would seem, what kind of life is there? However, under the surface at a depth of 30-40 km, according to planetary scientists, there is an ocean of liquid water about 10 km thick. The core of Enceladus is hot and there may be hydrothermal vents in this ocean like the terrestrial "black smokers". According to one hypothesis, life on Earth appeared precisely due to this phenomenon, so why not the same thing happen on Enceladus. By the way, water in some places breaks through the ice and erupts outward in fountains up to 250 km high. Recent evidence confirms that this water contains organic compounds.
15. Space is empty
There is nothing in interplanetary and interstellar space, many are sure from childhood. In fact, the vacuum of space is not absolute: in microscopic quantities there are atoms and molecules, relic radiation that remained from the Big Bang, and cosmic rays, which contain ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles.
Moreover, scientists have recently suggested that the cosmic void is actually made of matter that we cannot yet fix. Physicists have called this hypothetical phenomenon dark energy and dark matter. Presumably, our Universe is 76% dark energy, 22% dark matter, 3.6% interstellar gas. Our usual baryonic matter: stars, planets, and so on - is only 0.4% of the total mass of the universe.
There is an assumption that it is the increase in the amount of dark energy that makes the universe expand. Sooner or later, this alternative entity, in theory, will tear apart the atoms of our reality into shreds of separate bosons and quarks. However, by that time, neither Olga Vasilyeva, nor the lessons of astronomy, nor mankind, nor the Earth, nor the Sun have existed for several billion years.
Is the moon an alien space station?
Some scientists do not exclude the presence of someone else's mind on the moon. Our night star continues to ask one riddle after another. It is difficult to say what our planet looked like in those immemorial times, when a spaceship called "Luna" was in near-earth orbit, what cataclysms accompanied this event? Where did our night star come from, by whom and for what purpose it was created, why did it land on our planet?
The question of the existence of today's crew or population inside the Moon will not remain beyond the limits of the hypothesis. Or have its intelligent inhabitants become extinct over the past billions of years? Or maybe automata, launched by the hands of the ancient ancestors of the star wanderers, are still functioning in the space tomb?
From the point of view of our present knowledge, it is quite clear that a space supership must be a very rigid metal structure.
In July 1969, before the first astronaut Neil Armstrong "landed" on the moon, used fuel tanks unmanned ships performing reconnaissance flights. Then a seismograph was left here. This device began to transmit information about the vibrations of the lunar crust to Houston.
The data transmitted to Earth surprised scientists. It turned out that the impact of a 12-ton cargo on the surface of our satellite caused a local “moonquake”. Many astrophysicists have suggested that under the rocky surface there was a metal shell surrounding the core of the moon. Analyzing the speed of propagation of seismic waves in this seemingly metal shell, scientists have calculated that its upper boundary is located at a depth of about 70 kilometers, and the shell itself has approximately the same thickness.
One of the astrophysicists argued that an unimaginably large, almost empty space with a volume of 73,5 million cubic kilometers, intended for mechanisms serving the movement and repair of a space supership, devices for external observation, some structures that ensure the connection of the armor plating with the internal premises.
It is possible that before 80% the mass of the Moon, located in its depths behind the service belt, is the ship's payload. Guesses about its content and purpose are beyond reasonable assumptions. In the late 70s, with the help of the same seismograph, a computer analysis of the metal was made, of which the shell surrounding the core of the moon was supposed to consist. Having measured the speed of sound propagation inside this substance, experts came to the conclusion that it consists of nickel, beryllium, tungsten, vanadium and some other elements. Moreover, there was relatively little iron. Such a composition would be an ideal shell that protects against mechanical punctures, and, moreover, is completely anti-corrosion. And this analysis alone showed that absolutely impossible so that such a shell forms naturally.
Seismographs also recorded a repeating every 30 minutes and a constant high frequency signal lasting one minute, emanating from the interior of the Moon from a depth of about 960 kilometers. Maybe this is some kind of automatic device, powered by thermal (or other) energy, once programmed to send its signal into eternity?
Astronomers have observed and appear from time to time on the lunar surface trickles of some gas, which immediately dissipated. One hypothesis suggests that this is the effect of the still operating power source of a hypothetical ship, which we call the "Moon", deliberately damaged and deprived of its inhabitants during a real star war of the unimaginably distant past.
Surface of the moon very similar to the territory subjected to "carpet" bombing. It is statistically impossible for meteorites of the same size and mass to knock out correctly positioned craters on the lunar surface. And there are many of them on the moon. Perhaps it was then when the moon was not a satellite of the earth?
It is very possible. It turns out that the moon is not marked on any ancient map of the starry sky (10-11 thousand years ago).
Comparing this fact with the myth of the Flood (which in one form or another is present in the religions of all ancient civilizations), it can be assumed that it was the appearance of the Moon in Earth's orbit that gave rise to these cataclysms. Many modern astrophysicists are inclined to this hypothesis, based on the results of their research and calculations.
Later, after the appearance of the Moon in the earthly horizon, many peoples had legends about people, gods and creatures who flew to Earth from a new star. There are drawings of the ancient Mayans, images of gods descending from the moon. There are Caucasian myths about the arrival of iron beings from the moon.
Thus, it can be argued that moon came to us from space. But is she an ordinary little companion or something completely different?
In the 70s of the last century, the famous Soviet astrophysicist Theodor Shklovsky from the USSR Academy of Sciences expressed the opinion that the Moon could turn out to be a dead, lifeless ship of an alien civilization, an impenetrable space probe.
In 1968, a catalog of lunar anomalies was published by the US National Space Agency (NASA). The catalog covers observations over four centuries!
It contains 579 examples that have not yet been explained: moving luminous objects, geometric shapes, disappearing craters, colored trenches lengthening at a speed of six kilometers per hour, the appearance and disappearance of some "walls", giant domes changing their color, finally, the observed On November 26, 1956, a large luminous object called the Maltese Cross, etc.
In 1940, on the visible side of the moon, over the Sea of Peace and other parts of the planet, luminous points were observed moving at a speed of 2 to 7 kilometers per second. Famous Russian radio astronomer Alexey Arkhipov expressed on the pages of an English magazine Elying sauce peview(№ 2, 1995) the opinion that it is the Moon that can be the station of “aliens” observing life on Earth.
The moon is more and more worried about humanity. Lunar programs of the USA - "Rangers", "Surveyors", "Orbiters", "Apollo" were filmed over 150 thousand photographs depicting mysterious objects and structures of alien civilizations on the Moon. NASA has closed this information to date.
Various scientists have studied and are studying the Moon within the framework of their interests, but there is still no single picture-generalization. Various optical and moving phenomena on the Moon have been recorded many times.
Perhaps, several alien races live and work on the Moon.
Apollo 15 astronaut says we are all aliens
UFO accompanied in flight the shuttle "Atlantis"
There is someone else on our moon
9 hypotheses about the Moon from George Leonard's book "There is someone else on our Moon"
The moon is home to not one, but more cosmic races. Traces of culture and technology seen in different parts of the moon vary greatly. And on Earth, human beings have different cultures, but they do not differ significantly. In general, the buildings and cars of the Russians and Americans are similar. And the planes look the same all over the world.
2 hypothesis
One of the main missions of the inhabitants of the moon is to extract metals and other rare elements from the lunar crust. The evidence is in the work that THEY are doing.
The Apollo missions, as well as spectrographic analysis, revealed the presence of iron, nickel, aluminum, titanium, uranium and thorium on the Moon in quantities sufficient for profitable mining. There are dozens of other metals and elements worth mining, depending on the efficiency of the extraction process.
3 hypothesis
The moon suffered a fantastic catastrophe indescribably long ago and was "driven" here by the inhabitants for lengthy restoration and repair work. Although very transparent, this hypothesis is thought-provoking, as it has some support. This is an alternative to hypothesis 2.
The moon is a strange body. Everyone who has studied it agrees with this, and this is the only thing with which everyone agrees. She doesn't seem to belong to this world. Three main hypotheses about its origin (torn away from the Earth; formed by gas-saturated dust-like material surrounding the Earth; captured by the Earth) are considered and approved by scientists each separately, depending on who expounds it.
The moon seems to be a built structure - a frame, a lattice, a grid. (Let me remind you that an object fell on its surface, and The moon vibrated for an hour... The waves of disturbance were recorded by a seismograph at some distance from this place.) If you hit the main rock with a hydraulic hammer in Beijing, it is unlikely to be felt in Pittsburgh, but the same force on the far side of the moon will certainly be recorded on its nearest side.
To give the theory the likelihood that the Moon was "driven" here many years ago and to treat it not as a fiction, consider the theories Darola Fromen- Former Director of the Technical Association in Loc Alamos (New Mexico). He stated in 1961 that the sun might burn out, but before that happens, the inhabitants of the Earth will be able to launch it into another solar system using jet propulsion. We could reach star systems 1,300 light years away. And Lyman Spitzer, head of a laboratory at Princeton University, in 1951 spoke of giant spacecraft (ships fueled by uranium) capable of transporting thousands of people to other solar systems that are more "hospitable" in the event of a crisis. Other scientists have written about the possibility of rebuilding the entire solar system, redistributing its matter in order to obtain maximum energy and living space.
4 hypothesis
The lunar dwellers are involved in a lengthy reproduction experiment, including the creation of "homo sapiens" through genetic testing and / or cross-breeding of great primates with alien humanoids with periodic "infusions" to overcome mental regression. This hypothesis - an alternative to hypothesis 2 - is not new. It was developed by many writers. Lorensen wrote about the inhabitants of flying saucers. According to the author, despite Lorensen's assurances that his hero is very truthful, all his descriptions are hardly scientific. If advanced extraterrestrials had once conducted an experiment on crossing between representatives of two different genetic banks, then perhaps all this would have happened much easier than described.
The need to set up an experiment and observe its results could explain the reason for constant visits through the centuries. Based on this hypothesis, one can explain the words of the Old Testament: "Be fertile and multiply!" against homosexuality- all this speaks of the need to reproduce, so that each genetic population develops further and each culture has its own legends about gods arriving in spaceships! They are rife with stories of mating experiments. It can be concluded that contacts of aliens around the world with the purpose of expressing an intention to continue (raise? Improve?) The human species.
Was the Neanderthal a failed experiment? He died out without support. It's the same with the Cro-Magnon. Anthropologists have never been able to explain this. After being shown how to grow rye and graze livestock, the curve of its development (about 6000 BC) went up sharply. Although his remains date from a much earlier period, the Cro-Magnon began to spread in Europe (probably somewhere between 20-30 thousand years BC) when the Neanderthal was dying. But they could coexist for a while. The Cro-Magnon is taller, straighter and more "handsome". Velikovsky asked: how the body, mind and soul of a person, an amazingly complex biological apparatus that has been developing for millions of years, could be so improved in just a few thousand years.
5 hypothesis
The moon is completely barren, and although you can grow something hydroponically and engage in underground livestock breeding there, but such important components as fertilizers and water are taken from us. Cases of theft of livestock have been recorded. Water withdrawals from lakes in Canada and other sparsely populated areas are too well documented to argue. Miners and fishermen saw small humanoids leaving their discs and lowering hoses into the water. According to Frank Edward's theory, aliens release and freeze water, possibly at an altitude of several miles, and so transport it further. This could explain the many occurrences of ice falling on Earth.
6 hypothesis
Rather than contradicting other "writings" about aliens and events within the solar system, the author in this book tries to find a unifying principle for many of them. There is a connection between the most serious researchers (Valle, Hynek, Lorensen, Aine Michel) about UFOs.
To consider this hypothesis, I will cite the opinions of other authors who have developed unique models or interpretations. Despite the fact that they do not necessarily carry out their intentions completely or in an original way (for example, Von Deniken realized V. Holiday's main thesis "Creatures from the Inner Sphere"), their point of view is identified with public opinion.
Von Deniken: Ancient astronauts were on Earth and left their marks.
Velikovsky: The moon was repeatedly involved in the catastrophes of the solar system (for the first time in two millennia BC), this destroyed it and displaced it from orbit.
Valle: elves, fairies, brownies and others have a basis in reality; they can be remnants of old races on Earth or aliens.
Berlitz, Sanderson and others: there is a zone in the Bermuda area where hundreds of ships, planes, etc. have disappeared. and saw a UFO.
Fuller: The aliens took the man and woman from the car aboard the UFO, studied them closely, and then returned them to the car.
Eziekiel, Moses et al: Numerous people of the past have encountered and talked with beings that looked like humans, but arrived in flying machines and did things far beyond the technical level of the time.
Fort: Ice, blood, plants, fish, etc. fell to the ground from time immemorial.
There is no need to multiply theories and come up with all kinds of fears, avoiding a simple explanation. The earth is inhabited - this is as true as the fact that the earth revolves around the sun. Now is the time when we have ceased to be primitive and it is time for our scientists to lead us, and not confuse us.
7 hypothesis
Despite the paucity of data, from the array of reliable information it seems that not one, but several races on the moon are studying us and our lives.
Friendliness (loyalty) is part of the game plan, and we have felt it by now. Races capable of moving between solar systems and living on the Moon are able (if they wish) to grind us into dust. Apparently, this is what causes our military to panic. But apart from individual cases that can be called emergency, incidents in Bermuda and the capture of people, there is no data array that allows us to think that THEY are plotting something unkind against us.
8 hypothesis
The inhabitants of the moon have long advanced in the development of technology under the control of biological intelligence. Rebirth into a mechanical body with the preservation of the mind and the main nerve centers means an increase in life by several hundred percent. There is more efficiency, less disease, more strength, better opportunities for stimulation. If they operate with time, space and size, then they have thousands or millions of years of technological improvement behind them. And if there are civilizations in the center of the Galaxy, numbering millions of years, then, according to the law of averages, they have reached a period of "scientific perfection".
9 hypothesis
The main reason for the expensive programs of the United States to study the Moon (Mars) is to establish at the official level that the Moon is inhabited by intelligent inhabitants, whose mission does not include dialogue with us, and perhaps they are hostile to our development. So, due to the lack of knowledge about THEIR intentions, the seal of secrecy was imposed on the truth about the Moon; now that THEIR presence on the moon has been confirmed, our first task is to find out where THEY came from from the solar system or another star system; despite the fact that many places on Earth directly "shout" to be paid attention to, we are spending billions on the exploration of the moon. Less than 20% of the satellite materials were studied, less than 2% were published, but each launch was like a freshly baked potato to the American public.
However, the found traces of buildings, mining, mechanical structures make an amendment. They are there live, work and God knows what they are doing "under our noses." It is necessary to combine American and Russian studies.
Spaceship moon
1. How old is the moon: as it turned out, the moon is much older than we thought. Perhaps even older than the planet Earth and the Sun. The approximate age of the Earth is 4,6 billion years, some lunar rocks about 5,3 billion years, and the dust on these rocks is still at least several billion years old.
2. How did the rocks appear on the moon: chemical composition of dust, on which a large piece of rock was found, differs significantly from the rock itself, which contradicts the theory about the appearance of dust as a result of the collision and disintegration of these blocks. These large debris must have come from outside.
3. Insubordination natural laws: as a rule, all the heavier elements are inside, and the lighter ones are on the surface, but on the moon everything is completely different... Wilson believes that since there are so many refractory elements (such as titanium) on the planet's surface, it remains only to assume that they hit the moon in some unknown way. Scientists do not yet know how this could have happened, but it still remains a fact.
4. Evaporation of water: On March 7, 1971, the lunar rover registered steam cloud floating on the surface of the moon. The cloud lasted 14 hours and covered an area of almost 100 square kilometers.
5. Magnetized rocks: scientists discovered that the rocks on the moon magnetized but that simply cannot be, since there is no magnetic field on the moon. This could not have happened due to the close contact of the Moon with the Earth, because, in that case, the Earth would have torn it to shreds.
6. Lunar mascons: Mascons are large, rounded formations that cause gravity anomalies. Most often, mascons are located 20 ... 40 miles under the lunar seas - wide, rounded objects that may have been artificially created. Since it is unlikely that the huge circular disks would lie so evenly under the huge lunar seas, it remains only to assume that they arose by chance, or as a result of some phenomenon.
7. Seismic activity: every year satellites record several hundred lunar earthquakes that cannot be explained by a simple meteor shower. In November 1958, Soviet astrophysicist Nikolai Kozyrev (Crimean Astrophysical Observatory) took a picture of gas eruptions on the Moon near the crater Alfonsus. He also recorded a reddish glow that lasted for about an hour. In 1963, an astronomer at the Lowell Observatory also noticed a bright glow on the ridge crest in the Aristarchus region. Observations have shown that this glow repeats every time the moon approaches the Earth. Such a phenomenon has not yet been observed in nature.
8. What is inside the moon: the average density of the moon is 3.34 g / cc, while the density of planet Earth is 5.5 g / cc. What does this mean? In 1962, Gordon MacDonald, a NASA PhD, stated: "If we conclude from the astronomical data obtained, it turns out that the inner part of the moon is most likely a hollow, and not a homogeneous sphere ..." Dr. Harold Urey, Nobel Prize winner, explains the Moon's low density by the fact that much of the inner region of the moon is an ordinary depression. Shin K. Solomon, Ph.D. writes: "Exploration of the orbit allowed us to learn more about the gravitational field of the moon and confirmed our fear that the moon may be hollow ..." In his treatise Life in the Universe, Carl Sagan writes: "A natural satellite cannot be hollow inside ..."
9. Echoes on the Moon: When on November 20, 1969, the Apollo 12 crew threw the lunar module onto the lunar surface, its impact (noise spread 40 miles from the ship's landing site) on the surface provoked an artificial lunar earthquake. The consequences were unexpected, after that The moon was ringing like a bell for another hour. The same was done by the crew of the Apollo 13 ship, specially increasing the force of the impact. The results were simply amazing: seismic devices recorded the duration of the moon's vibration: 3 hours and 20 minutes and the propagation radius (40 km). Thus, scientists came to the conclusion that the Moon has an unusually light core, or perhaps has no core at all.
10. Unusual metals: The lunar surface appears to be much stronger than many scientists believed. Astronauts were convinced of this when they tried to drill the lunar sea. Amazing! The lunar seas are composed of illeminite, a titanium-rich mineral used to make submarine hulls. Uranium 236 and neptunium 237 (which have no analogues on Earth), as well as corrosion-resistant iron particles, were found in lunar rocks.
11. Origin of the Moon: before the lunar rocks were found, which destroyed the traditional view of the moon, there was a theory that the moon is a fragment of the planet Earth. Another theory was that the Moon was created from cosmic dust left over from the creation of the Earth. But the analysis of rocks from the surface of the moon refuted this theory as well. According to another widespread theory, the Earth somehow captured the already finished, formed Moon, pulling it in by the gravitational field. But so far, no evidence has been found in favor of this theory. Isaac Asimov claims that the moon is one of the largest planets, and the Earth could hardly attract it. One statement is not enough for this to be considered a theory.
12. Mysterious orbit: our moon is the only moon in the solar system that has a constant orbit of almost perfectly circular shape. The strange thing is that the center of mass of the moon is 1830 meters closer to the Earth than its geometric center, since this should have led to uneven movement, but the bulges of the moon are always on the other side and are not visible from the Earth. Something had to put the moon in orbit at a precise altitude, with an accurate course and speed.
13. Moon diameter: How can you explain the coincidence that the Moon is at the exact distance from the Earth, has the correct diameter, which allows it to completely cover the sun? And again Isaac Asimov gives an explanation for this: There are no astronomical reasons for this. This is a coincidence, and only planet Earth can boast of such a position.
14. Spaceship Moon: The most widespread theory is that the Moon is a giant spaceship brought here by intelligent beings many years ago. This is the only theory that explains all the information received, and there is still no data that would contradict it.
The moon is the ship of its own(the truth about the moon)
The correct name for our moon is Month... On our planet by name Midgard-land, for several hundred thousand years, 2 more moons existed: Lelya and Fatta, but they were destroyed during the actual Star War with the Dark Forces of the Cosmos. All these moons were man-made structures and performed very important functions in maintaining certain parameters of the gravitational oasis on the planet, which helped people to evolve at an accelerated rate.
In general, it is necessary to understand that all the so-called. "Natural" satellites of all the planets of the solar system are actually artificial, in the sense that at least the trajectories of their rotation were designed by humans. That is why these satellites rotate in almost circular non-intersecting orbits without colliding with each other.
This work was done in the process of preparing several planets of the solar system for colonization by our ancestors - people of the ancient white race - about a million years ago. The rotation of the planets around the Sun was ordered in the plane of the ecliptic. The rotation of hundreds of satellites around the planets was also ordered accordingly. This most difficult work was done so that there would be no cosmic catastrophes in the solar system for the next millions of years, and life would proceed calmly and measuredly.
Orbits of Jupiter's moons
The illustration shows orbits dozens of Jupiter's moons. It is obvious to any adult that there are no processes in nature that could arrange the orbits of these satellites so that they never collide with each other. So this work is clearly man-made... The same can be observed on all other planets with satellites ...
In recent history, people on the moon still did not fly, because until now they have not been able to create a sufficiently light ship with the necessary protection of the crew from cosmic radiation. And they could not create powerful enough engines that would be able to deliver this ship to the Moon and return it back.
American fairy tales about flights to the moon are lies, is the same as all the other stories about their achievements in science and technology. Pindos at one time wanted to show the whole world that they are the smartest and the very first in everything. They paid the Soviet party leaders big money to keep their scientists and not fly to the moon before the amers. They hoped that their scientists would have time to do everything that was needed. But at the time it was just impossible! There was no necessary knowledge, materials and developments. Therefore, the Pindos went to deception. The Russians knew about this, but were silent ...