Moscow monitoring system atmospheric air began to be created in 1996 by the decision of the Moscow Government. Over the years, the system has become a reliable assistant in solving practical environmental problems in Moscow and an important element of the supply system. environmental safety Muscovites. This is largely due to the fact that the system does not remain unchanged. It is constantly changing and improving, synchronously with the development of the city, responding promptly to changes in urban planning, industrial, transport spheres... The network of automatic monitoring stations is adjusted annually, the list of monitored pollutants and meteorological parameters affecting air pollution is expanding.

Information on the level of air pollution is received from 56 automatic air pollution control stations (including mobile ASKZA). ASKZA are located in all districts of Moscow, at different distances from the city center and cover various functional areas. Monitoring stations are located in areas near highways, including on the Third Transport Ring, in residential areas, under the influence of mixed anthropogenic sources of pollution, natural. Monitoring of atmospheric air on the territory of New Moscow has also been organized.

At automatic stations for monitoring atmospheric pollution around the clock, in continuous mode, average twenty-minute concentrations are measured 26 chemical substances and meteorological parameters that determine the conditions for dispersion of impurities in the atmosphere (wind speed and direction, temperature, pressure, humidity, vertical component of wind speed).

The Ostankino TV tower (high-altitude post) receives data on the temperature and wind profile up to an altitude of 503 m, as well as pressure, humidity and dew point temperature at the ground level. There are 2 temperature profilers MTP-5, which measure the profiles of temperature and wind in real time and make it possible to determine the intensity of vertical mixing of air and the height of the mixing layer, automatic precipitation meters. The measurement results are necessary for the analysis of air pollution monitoring data and the development of methods for forecasting atmospheric pollution.

Development of the air quality monitoring system in Moscow
Years	Number of stations	Number of controlled substances	New controlled substances
			CO, NO, NO 2, SO 2
			O 3, NH 3, H 2 S
			PM 10, benzene, toluene, phenol, formaldehyde, styrene, ethylbenzene, metaxylene, paraxylene, nitrous acid, naphthalene
	On a regular basis, two mobile laboratories are raided in response to public complaints about air pollution
	Creation of a three-level station at the Ostankino TV tower to analyze the influence of emissions from high sources on the formation of the surface level of pollution. Additionally, the organization of high-altitude measurements of the concentrations of pollutants, the installation of two sodars and a profiler
	Organization of air pollution control outside the city.
	A mobile environmental laboratory for atmospheric air monitoring was put into operation, equipped with an expanded set of equipment for express analysis and air sampling.
			Suspended particles PM2.5
	The mobile ASKZA was put into operation
	Automatic samplers PM10 and PM2.5 were put into operation, which allow taking daily dust samples for filters and analyzing their chemical composition

Data on atmospheric air pollution from ASKZA are transmitted in real time to Unified city fund of environmental monitoring data- is an ordered, constantly updated set of information about the state of the environment, obtained as a result of the collection, processing and analysis of environmental monitoring data.

"> Unified city fund of environmental monitoring data (on the server of the State Budgetary Institution" Mosecomonitoring "). The information and analytical center stores, analyzes and processes monitoring data.

On the basis of the Analytical Inspectorate and ASKZA, monitoring of the quantitative content of dust of fine fractions ( RM 10- suspended particles with a size of less than 10 microns, which can easily penetrate into the lungs of a person and accumulate in them. The main contributors to the observed levels of fine particulate matter (PM 10) in the atmosphere are motor vehicles (road wear) and large-scale atmospheric transport (causing background values ​​of 15-40 µg / m3). Suspended particles alone and in combination with other pollutants pose a very serious threat to human health. These particles account for 40-70% of all suspended particles and are the most hazardous to human health. These particles are able to penetrate deep into the lungs and settle there.

Concentrations significantly lower than 100 μg / m 3, expressed as a daily mean PM 10 concentration, have an impact on mortality rates, respiratory and cardiovascular disease statistics, and other health indicators. It is for this reason that the revised version of the ambient air quality criteria recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization) for European countries does not provide a recommended criterion for short-term averaged concentrations.

Based on the WHO recommendations, the EU countries have established threshold exposure limits for PM 10. For the average daily concentration, it is not allowed to exceed the threshold level of 50 μg / m 3 more than 35 times during the year, the average annual concentration should not exceed the level of 40 μg / m 3.

Suspended particles, especially fine particles less than 10 microns in size (PM10), are classified by the World Health Organization as a priority pollutant entering the atmospheric air in terms of their impact on public health.

According to environmental monitoring data, half of the territory of the city of Moscow is "problematic" in terms of the level of atmospheric air pollution with particles of the PM10 class.

Sources of particulate matter entering the atmospheric air of Moscow are: emissions industrial enterprises, vehicle emissions (mainly diesel), construction works, dust from asphalted areas of territories and non-turfed areas of soils.

The priority directions for reducing the level of atmospheric air pollution with suspended particles are the reduction of emissions from vehicles, thermal power facilities, as well as measures to reduce emissions of the finest fraction of suspended particles with a size of less than 2.5 microns.

"> PM10, PM 2.5) in the atmosphere of the city.

The Moscow monitoring system also complies with the requirements of EU directives (Dir. 2008/50 / EC) in terms of the availability of automatic stations in Moscow, controlled parameters, methods and means of control.

Additional sources of information on the quality of atmospheric air are the mobile environmental laboratory and laboratory facilities.

In addition to the existing ASKZA, mobile automatic air pollution control stations operate in the city. The main task is to analyze the territories where there are no stationary stations, but complaints from the population are regularly received. Mobile stations are temporarily located in the territories of the city of Moscow adjacent to various sources of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air, and measure the content of pollutants in the atmospheric air in a round-the-clock continuous mode

In addition, the territories from which the population's complaints are received are examined according to special programs using the capabilities of a mobile laboratory. The mobile environmental laboratory is equipped with gas analytical equipment for measuring pollutants in automatic mode, equipment for measuring meteorological parameters and an automated sampling system for sampling and subsequent laboratory analysis for substances whose content cannot be measured automatically.

The current monitoring system solves the following tasks related to air quality management, including:

• control over compliance with state and international standards for atmospheric air quality;
• obtaining objective baseline data for the development of environmental protection measures, urban planning and planning transport systems;
• public awareness of ambient air quality and deployment of warning systems for sharp increases in pollution;
• assessment of the effectiveness of environmental protection measures.

One station operates outside the city to control the transfer of pollutants

Outside the city limits, there is one automatic air control station in Zvenigorod to control the level of atmospheric air pollution.

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Atmospheric air is a unique mixture of gases that makes it possible for a huge biodiversity of living things to exist on the planet. Therefore, it is important to keep the air clean and natural. Monitoring of atmospheric air for the content of harmful impurities is required by GOST and gives an idea of ​​the content of certain substances in the atmosphere.

Such observations help to control the ecological situation, which is especially important in industrial zones or in settlements with a high traffic flow. Monitoring of air pollution is carried out at posts, as it requires the work of precision equipment. The devices can be installed in pavilions or in automotive laboratories.

Organization of measurements

All observation posts are divided into three types according to the method of work organization:

• Stationary. The main task is to assess the state of atmospheric air in the long term.
• Route. Assessment of the level of air pollution at several points.
• Mobile. Research in under-flare areas.

Stationary ones exist for a long time, usually located in an area favorable for observation, and are intended for continuous assessment of atmospheric air pollution over the longest possible period. All conclusions about the annual changes in concentrations in certain regions are based mainly on the data of such posts. They are used for scheduled, regular sampling for subsequent comprehensive analysis. At stationary posts, studies can be carried out both on the general pollution of the atmosphere and on the assessment of the content of specific substances.

Route posts are also engaged in regular sampling at points where the terrain makes it difficult to create a permanent pavilion. The task is to study in detail the composition of the air in the designated area.

Peculiarities:

• Observations are made using vehicles.
• Measurements are made at selected points.
• On average, a mobile laboratory visits 3-5 points per day, but the features of the equipment allow up to a dozen measurements per day.
• The order of visiting the points must be the same - as well as the time of visiting the point.

A mobile post is also called a flare post, because it is installed under a gas torch to control its effect on the composition of the atmosphere.

Peculiarities:

• Observations are also made from vehicles.
• The posts are located at some distance from the torch - the distance is determined for each specific case.
• The posts move and take measurements in different points in a small period of time.

All observation posts in mandatory are placed in open areas, on firm ground or on a hard surface.

Cyclic observation

There are only three surveillance programs.

1. The complete program consists in calculating one-time and average daily concentrations of a certain category of substances. Accordingly, observations and measurements are carried out daily. At the moment, registration is carried out using automation. Measurements are carried out at least 4 times. Standard time for measurements is 1:00 AM, 7:00 AM, 1:00 PM, and 7:00 PM.
2. An incomplete program involves daily studies to establish one-time concentrations three times a day - measurements are not taken at night.
3. The abbreviated program is the dimensions twice during daylight hours. Observations under the reduced program are carried out in places with a favorable ecological situation - in green areas located far from industrial areas. Studies on a reduced program and incomplete can be carried out on a sliding schedule, shifting the measurement time.

All three programs provide data for calculating the average monthly and average annual concentration.

Features of research in pavilions

Before installation, special preparatory measures are carried out:

• All possible impurities are calculated, and preliminary calculations of their concentrations are carried out, based on information from other observation posts, as well as from the environmental services of industrial enterprises.
• They study the features of buildings and terrain.
• They study the prospects for the development of enterprises and construction in the selected area.
• They study the state of energy.
• Calculate the estimated impact of transport on the level of pollution.
• Comprehensive meteorological research is mandatory.

The number of stationary pavilions in a settlement depends on the ecological situation, the number of the population, on the ratio of green and residential areas. Recommended density for settlements with an unfavorable ecological situation is one post per 5-10 km. It is important to arrange posts evenly from different functional areas: industrial, residential, green. It is also required to take measurements near the major highways.

At present, to ensure optimal observation conditions in Russia, standardized POST-type pavilions with standardized equipment are being produced. There are several modifications of the equipment set. Since measurements are made using standard equipment models, serious instrumental inaccuracies are excluded - all hardware errors will lie in the same range.

Stationary ones operate and carry out observations all year round and daily, regardless of meteorological conditions.

Mobile laboratories

Monitoring the atmosphere at such posts allows measurements at different points. The daily determination of pollutants is carried out in places where it is impossible to install stationary pavilions.

At the moment, the standard route post is represented by the automobile laboratory of the Atmosfera-P model. It is equipped with equipment for air examination and meteorological measurements. The same laboratory is used for flare research.

Laboratory operating conditions:

• Atmosphere monitoring is possible at temperatures up to 35 ° C inside the vehicle.
• The maximum allowable humidity is 80% at a temperature of 20 ° C.
• The range of permissible atmospheric pressure is from 680 to 790 mm Hg.
• On an asphalt surface, the speed of the car is no more than 50 km / h.

There are two compartments inside the car: instrument (equipment itself) and auxiliary. The auxiliary compartment contains humidity and temperature sensors, electrical wiring is also located there, batteries and other auxiliary equipment that are required to service the main devices are located. The wind speed and direction sensor, as well as special mounts for the installation of remote sensors are placed on the roof in a special container.

Traffic pollution

Monitoring air pollution from vehicles is extremely important as vehicles are the main source of pollution.

Measurements are carried out at all motor transport enterprises. They allow you to control the content of harmful substances in the engine every minute. Also, motor transport enterprises regularly conduct independent checks on compliance with all established standards. In addition, environmental training is provided for the personnel of the enterprise.

Research using stationary and route posts is limited, since impurities from vehicles are distributed in an unusual way: the maximum can be measured only on the highway itself, and with distance from it, the concentration of impurities drops sharply.

Therefore, the observations are organized as follows:

1. Determine the maximum concentration on highways under different weather conditions and different traffic.
2. The limits of concentration decrease at distance from the main are calculated.
3. More thorough environmental monitoring is carried out in residential and green areas located next to highways.
4. Take into account the distribution of traffic flows within the urban area.

On highways, daily checks are carried out. The devices are usually placed on the sidewalk, and the observation points are selected according to the traffic volume.

Significance for nature and man

Air pollution assessment has great importance for the environment - on the basis of the data obtained, it is possible to predict the excess of the maximum permissible concentration, as well as to develop a set of measures to reduce the harm from impurities.

The study of atmospheric air is carried out for the following purposes:

• Ensure environmental safety for those living in areas of industrial pollution.
• Collect information about the dynamics of the concentration of harmful impurities in the air.
• Develop measures to reduce the harm from flare emissions.
• Control the amount of carbon emissions from vehicles, prevent the rapid growth of pollution.
• Create a database for individual territories.
• Predict the possibility and feasibility of placing industrial facilities in certain regions.

Thus, monitoring posts serve a vital function of helping to collect information that environmentalists can then process. Continuous air research is one of the main areas of environmental protection. Over time, the methods and methods are modified, research becomes simpler and more accessible. At the moment, monitoring is carried out everywhere.

LECTURE PLAN

1. Organization of monitoring of atmospheric air

2. Organization of atmospheric monitoring at stationary posts

3. Observations on routes and mobile posts

4. Monitoring of air pollution from vehicles

5. Monitoring radioactive contamination atmospheric air

6. Observations of the background state of the atmosphere

7. Processing and generalization of the results of atmospheric monitoring

1. Organization of monitoring of atmospheric air

The organization of observations of the level of air pollution in cities and towns is carried out in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.01 - 86 “Nature protection. Atmosphere. Air quality control rules settlements ". Observations of the level of air pollution are carried out at post, which is a place (terrain point) pre-selected for this purpose, on which a pavilion or a car equipped with appropriate devices is located.

Observation posts three categories are established: stationary, route and mobile (flare).

Stationary post is designed to ensure continuous recording of the content of pollutants or regular sampling of air for subsequent analysis. From the number of stationary posts, there are stationary support posts, which are designed to identify long-term measurements of the content of the main and most common specific pollutants.

Route post is intended for regular air sampling in the event that it is impossible (impractical) to establish a post or it is necessary to study in more detail the state of air pollution in certain areas, for example, in new residential areas.

Mobile (underflare) post serves for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch in order to identify the zone of influence of this source of industrial emissions.

Stationary posts equipped with special pavilions, which are installed in pre-selected places. Observations at route posts are carried out using a mobile laboratory equipped with the necessary equipment and instruments. Route posts also installed at preselected points. One car travels around 4 ... 5 points per working day. The procedure for bypassing the selected route pests by a car should be the same, so that the determination of the concentration of impurities is carried out at constant time. Observations under the torch of the enterprise are also carried out with the help of a specially equipped vehicle. Underflare posts are points located at fixed distances from the source. They move in accordance with the direction of the flame of the investigated emission source.

Each post, regardless of the category, is located on an open area ventilated from all sides (on asphalt, hard ground, lawn).

Stationary and route posts are organized in places selected taking into account the mandatory preliminary study of air pollution of the city by industrial emissions, emissions from vehicles, household and other sources, as well as taking into account the study of meteorological conditions for dispersion of impurities through episodic observations and calculations of the fields of maximum concentrations of impurities. In this case, the frequency of the wind direction over the city territory should be taken into account. In certain directions, emissions from multiple plants can create a common torch comparable to that of a large source. If the frequency of such wind directions is high, then the zone of the highest average level of pollution will be formed at a distance of 2 ... 4 km from the main group of enterprises, and sometimes it can be located on the outskirts of the city. To characterize the distribution of the concentration of impurities in the city, posts must be installed first of all in those residential areas where the highest average levels of pollution are possible, then in the administrative center of the settlement and in residential areas with various types of buildings, as well as in parks and recreation areas. The most polluted areas include the zones of the highest maximum one-time and average daily concentrations. These concentrations are created by emissions from industrial plants. Such zones are located at a distance of 0.5 ... 2 km from low emission sources and 2 ... 3 km from high. Such concentrations can also create highways of heavy traffic, since the influence of the highway is detected only in the immediate vicinity of it (at a distance of 50 ... 100 m ).

Regular observations at stationary posts are carried out according to one of four observation programs: complete (P), incomplete (NP), reduced (CC), daily (C).

1.Complete program observations is designed to obtain information on one-time and average daily concentrations. Observations in this case are performed daily by continuous recording using automatic devices or discretely, at regular intervals, at least four times with the obligatory sampling at 1, 7, 13 and 19 hours local standard time.

2.Under an incomplete program observations are carried out in order to obtain information on one-time concentrations daily at 7, 13 and 19 hours of local daylight saving time.

3.According to an abbreviated program observations are carried out in order to obtain information only on one-time concentrations daily at 7 and 13 hours of local daylight saving time. Observations according to the abbreviated program are allowed to be carried out at an air temperature below 45 ° C and in places where the average monthly concentrations are below 1/20 of the maximum one-time MPC or less than the lower limit of the measurement range of the impurity concentration by the method used.

It is allowed to carry out observations on a sliding schedule: at 7, 10 and 13 o'clock - on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 16, 19 and 22 o'clock - on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Sliding graph observations are intended to provide information on one-off concentrations.

4. Daily program sampling is designed to obtain information on the average daily concentration. In contrast to the full program, observations in this case are carried out by continuous daily sampling, while obtaining one-time concentration values ​​is excluded. All observation programs provide information on average monthly, average annual and average concentrations over a longer period.

2. Organization of atmospheric monitoring at stationary posts

Stationary observation post is a specially equipped pavilion, which houses the equipment necessary for recording the concentrations of pollutants and meteorological parameters according to the established program. From the number of stationary posts, it is necessary to highlight support stationary posts, which are designed to detect long-term changes in the content of the main or most common pollutants. At the same time, the range of tasks is determined in advance, which include the assessment of the average monthly, seasonal, annual and maximum one-time concentrations, the probability of the occurrence of concentrations exceeding the MPC, etc.

Before installing the post, the following should be analyzed: calculated concentration fields for all ingredients from the totality of emissions from all stationary and mobile sources; features of building and terrain; prospects for the development of residential buildings and the expansion of industrial and energy enterprises, communal services, transport and other sectors of the urban economy; functional features of the selected area; population density; meteorological conditions of the area, etc. The post should be located outside the aerodynamic shadow of buildings and green spaces, its territory should be well ventilated, not influenced by nearby low sources of pollution (parking lots, small businesses with low emissions, etc.). The number of stationary posts in any city (inhabited locality) is determined by the population size, the terrain, the characteristics of the industry, the functional structure (residential, industrial, green zone, etc.), the spatial and temporal variability of the fields of concentrations of harmful substances.

For settlements with difficult terrain and a large number of pollution sources, it is recommended to install one post every 5 ... 10 km .

In order to obtain information on air pollution, taking into account the characteristics of the city, it is recommended to set up observation posts in different functional zones (residential, industrial, etc.). In cities with high traffic intensity, posts should also be installed near highways.

To ensure optimal conditions for carrying out stationary observations, the domestic industry produces standard pavilions - observation posts or complex laboratories of the POST type. The POST laboratory is an insulated pavilion with sets of instruments and equipment for air sampling and meteorological measurements of wind speed and direction, temperature and humidity. Almost all stationary pollution control points are equipped with POST-1 complete laboratories. Currently, new modifications of the POST-2 complex laboratory have begun to be produced and installed in cities, which are distinguished by higher productivity and the degree of automation. If during one service 9 samples can be taken simultaneously at POST-1, then at POST-2 - 38. In addition, POST-2 is equipped with an automated device "Component" with a sampling unit for determining the dust content of the air. An EA-1 aspirator is installed here as an air flow stimulator. "POST-2" is also equipped with an automatic device for monitoring the relative humidity and air temperature with a recorder. Gas analyzers GKP-1, GMK-3, etc. can be installed in the POST-1 and POST-2 laboratories. A detailed description of the Component air intake device and the M63MP anemorumbograph is given in the operating documents.

Observations of atmospheric air pollution and meteorological parameters at fixed stations should be carried out year-round, in all seasons, regardless of weather conditions.

3. Observations on routes and mobile posts

Route mobile post is the laboratory "Atmosphere-P". It is designed to determine the level of air pollution and measure meteorological elements during route and underflare observations.

The instruments and equipment of the laboratory can be operated at an air temperature inside the cabin of a commercial vehicle Yu ... 35 ° C, relative humidity up to 80% (at 20 ° C), atmospheric pressure 90 ... 104 kPa (680 ... 785 mm Hg .). The speed of movement of the laboratory on roads with improved surface does not exceed 45 km / h .

The equipment of the Atmosfera-P laboratory is mounted in the back of a UAZ-452A van. The interior of the van is divided by a wall into two compartments: instrumental and auxiliary. The instrument compartment contains instruments and equipment for air sampling for gas impurities, soot and dust, gas analyzers, an M-49 (or M-47) anemorumbometer measuring panel and a control panel, and in the auxiliary compartment there are air temperature and humidity sensors, a switchboard , reel cable, batteries, cartridge holder and other equipment.

A removable platform is mounted on the roof of the van, on which there are a box with a sensor for measuring the speed and direction of the wind, a mast for installing the sensors in the working position and an extension bar for attaching temperature, humidity and anemorumbometer sensors.

Instruments and equipment for air sampling are located on the stand on the left side of the vehicle, as well as in the auxiliary compartment.

Connecting pipes for sampling air for dust and soot through the walls and the auxiliary compartment are led out into the rear door of the van, which is open during sampling.

Air sampling for gas impurities is carried out at a height of 2.6 m of ground level along a vertical channel, which is mounted parallel to the gas pipeline for sampling dust and soot. In this case, sampling is carried out through a holder mounted on a remote rod.

Both channels for sampling of gas impurities have a common heater, which is switched on at outdoor air temperatures below –5 ° С. The thermostat provides automatic maintenance of the sample temperature not lower than 5 ° С.

At the Atmosfera-P laboratory, semi-automatic portable indicator devices are used to determine the content of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, as well as chlorine and ozone in the atmospheric air. In an auto laboratory equipped with an M-49 anemorumbometer, temperature and humidity sensors, together with a holder, are mounted on a special retractable rod mounted on a platform. The boom with sensors can be installed perpendicular to the platform. In addition, the rod with sensors can be installed perpendicular or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, and the holder can rotate around the vertical axis. The sensor signals are fed to the station control panel installed on the front stand inside the passenger compartment.

A route observation post is a place on a specific route in a city. It is designed for regular sampling of air at a fixed point in the area during observations that are carried out using mobile equipment. Route observations are carried out at route posts using auto laboratories, serially produced by the industry. Such a mobile laboratory has a capacity of about 5000 sampling per year, while 8 ... 10 air samples can be taken on such a machine per day. The procedure for bypassing route posts changes monthly so that air sampling at each point is carried out at different times of the day. For example, in the first month the car goes around the posts in ascending order of numbers, in the second - in descending order, and in the third - from the middle of the route to the end and from the beginning to the middle, etc.

A mobile (underflare) post is designed for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch in order to identify the zone of influence of this source. Underflare observations are carried out for specific pollutants characteristic of the emissions of a given enterprise, according to specially developed programs and routes. Sampling sites for under-flare observations are selected at different distances from the source of pollution, taking into account the patterns of distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. Air sampling is carried out in the direction of the wind, sequentially, at distances of 0.2 ... 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 6; eight; ten; 15 and 20 km from a stationary source of emission, as well as from the windward side of the source. Typical plant ingredients are monitored under a torch, taking into account emissions and toxicity. In the zone of maximum pollution (according to calculations and experimental measurements), at least 60 air samples are taken, and in other zones - at least 25. Air sampling during under-flare observations is carried out at a height 1.5 m from the surface of the earth for 20 ... 30 minutes, at least at three points simultaneously.

4. Monitoring of air pollution from vehicles

Due to a number of impurities, this type of transport can be the main source of air pollution. Number of harmful emissions from vehicles into the air depends on the following factors: the qualitative and quantitative composition of the car park, the conditions for organizing traffic, the architectural and planning features of the highway network and a number of other factors. Currently, there are several GOSTs and OSTs that regulate the content of carbon monoxide and other impurities in exhaust gases (OG). They also define the emission requirements for gasoline and diesel engines.

GOST 17.2.2.03 - 87 regulates the maximum permissible content of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas of gasoline engines of a stationary car when the engine is operating in two idling modes: at minimum and increased crankshaft rotation speeds.

OST 37.001.054–74 determines the maximum permissible emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons by a car engine during the so-called driving cycle, during which the engine operates in four driving modes at the stand, which characterize the movement of a car in a city with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants. This OST indicates the emission standards for passenger cars divided into groups weighing up to 3500 kg as well as stricter emission standards over the years. OST is used at car factories of the Minavtoprom and in specialized organizations.

OST 37.001.070–75 determines the maximum permissible emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons by a gasoline engine of a truck when tested on an engine test bench for loads ranging from idle to maximum power. OST determined the tightening of emission standards differentiated by years. This OST is used only at the factories of the Minavtoprom.

Cars with gasoline engines, when operating in the hot season, emit hydrocarbon vapors into the atmospheric air when gasoline evaporates from gas tanks, carburetors and when refueling at gas stations. At present, the protection of atmospheric air from emissions of harmful substances by vehicles is ensured by legal acts and standards. Checking the toxicity of exhaust gases of automobile engines at enterprises with less than 50 vehicles is carried out by specialized organizations. It is not allowed to release on the line machines with a concentration of harmful substances in the exhaust gas in excess of the standards regulated by GOST. The exhaust gas toxicity of cars is checked during maintenance, after adjusting the carburetor, as well as during random checks by regulatory authorities - the traffic police, the Inspectorate of the State Committee for Nature Protection, SES.

Evaluation of the compliance of the regulation of the power supply and ignition systems with the regulatory criteria is carried out only by instrumental methods. For this purpose, motor transport enterprises create stationary posts and mobile control laboratories exhaust gas toxicity. The results of the control are entered into the card for checking the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gas of an automobile engine. The duration of control at such a post is 3 ... 5 minutes.

Checking the organization of work to reduce the harmful effects of vehicles at automobile enterprises, service stations and car repair plants is among the mandatory measures for controlling atmospheric air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases. The presence of control and measuring devices, etc. is also being checked. By order for the car company, persons responsible for checking vehicles for compliance with exhaust gas standards for toxicity should be appointed. In addition, systematic training should be organized for personnel involved in the repair, control and adjustment of vehicle engines.

At all car service stations, the carbon monoxide content in the exhaust gas of individual vehicles should be checked, and, if necessary, work should be carried out to repair and regulate the power supply and ignition systems of engines. Based on the results of the check, special coupons are issued to car owners. If during annual inspections or operational control of vehicles on the line by the traffic police, an excess of emission standards is found, the vehicles are not allowed to operate.

The possibilities of using stationary and mobile stations to control vehicle emissions are limited. This is due to the fact that impurities from low emission sources are distributed differently than from high sources. The maximum concentration of impurities from exhaust gas emissions from vehicles is located on the transport highway itself, and when moving away from the roadside it drops sharply, reaching the background level at a distance of 15 ... 30 m.Laser data show that at a distance of 25 ... 30 m from the roadside significant fluctuations in the concentration of carbon monoxide from vehicle emissions are not observed. The possibility of using stationary observation posts located in the immediate vicinity of highways to control emissions requires special consideration in each case.

To study the features of air pollution by emissions from vehicles, special observations are organized, as a result of which:

1. The maximum values ​​of the concentrations of the main impurities emitted by vehicles in the areas of highways, and the periods of their occurrence under various meteorological conditions and traffic intensity;

2. Boundaries of zones and the nature of distribution of impurities with distance from highways;

3. Features of the distribution of impurities in residential areas of various types of buildings and in green areas adjacent to highways;

4. Features of the distribution of traffic flows along the highways of the city.

Observations are carried out on all days of the working week, hourly from 6 am to 1 pm or from 2 pm to 9 pm with alternating days with morning and evening checks. At night, observations are carried out 1 - 2 times a week.

Observation points are chosen on city streets with heavy traffic and are located on different parts of the streets in places where vehicles are often braked and the largest amount of harmful impurities is emitted. In addition, observation points are organized in places where harmful impurities accumulate due to weak dispersion (under bridges, overpasses, in tunnels, on narrow sections of streets and roads with multi-storey buildings), as well as in areas of intersection of two or more streets with heavy traffic.

Instruments are placed on the sidewalk, in the middle of the dividing strip, if any, and outside the sidewalk - at a distance of half the width of the one-way carriageway. The point farthest from the motorway must be located at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the wall of the building. On streets crossing the main highway, observation points are located at the edges of the sidewalk, as well as at distances exceeding the width of the highway by 0.5, 2 and 3 times.

Traffic intensity is determined by taking into account the number of passing vehicles, which are divided into five main categories (cars, trucks, buses, diesel cars, minibuses and motorcycles), daily for -2 ... 3 weeks in the period from 5 ... 6 hours until 21 ... 23 h, and on transit highways - during the day. The number of passing transport units is counted within 20 minutes of every hour, and in 2 ... 3-hour periods of the highest traffic intensity - every 20 minutes. The average speed of traffic is determined based on the indicators of the speedometer of a car moving in a stream of vehicles, on a section with a length of 0.5 to 0.6 miles this motorway. Based on the observation results, the average values ​​of the traffic intensity are calculated during the day (or for individual hours) at each of the observation points.

One-time measurements of CO and CH emissions in vehicle exhaust gases are carried out using gas analyzers of the GIAM type.

5. Monitoring of radioactive contamination of atmospheric air

When monitoring radioactive contamination of the atmosphere, collectors of radioactive contamination and air filtering devices are used. Moreover, air-filtering devices are much more sensitive than collectors of radioactive fallout from the atmosphere. For the most effective control over the spread of radioactive emissions in the atmosphere, it must be possible to accurately determine the total isotopic composition of aerosol samples, for which the productivity of the filtering device and the efficiency of capturing aerosols must be sufficiently high. Such an opportunity exists in filtering installations of the Typhoon series, in which a high-performance filter cloth is used as a filtering element for capturing radioactive aerosols and a sorption filter for capturing gaseous radioactive iodine.

To take samples of aerosols and gaseous iodine from the near-ground atmosphere in the vicinity of the NPP, the Typhoon-4 air filter unit is designed, which has the following principle of operation. The filter holder of the unit is a rare rigid mesh made in the form of a gable surface with an obtuse angle between the component planes, which facilitates maintenance. An iodine filter is placed on the filter holder and an aerosol filter is placed on top of it, which are pressed along the contour by a frame. Air with gas-aerosol radioactive impurities is sucked in by means of a blower through a filter lying on the filter holder. The clean air, passed through the filter, passes through an integrating flow meter, from where it is discharged upwards into the atmosphere through a vertical pipe, which makes it difficult to re-suck it into the filtering device. The unit is housed in a protective booth, which is locked with a lock and has windows with shutters equipped with snow and drip pockets for the supply of outside air.

A high-pressure centrifugal blower with a capacity of 400 m 3 / h is used as an air intake, a gas meter RG-400 is used to measure the volume of filtered air, a FPP-15-1.5 filter cloth is used as an aerosol filter, and a sorption filter material SFM is used as an iodine filter. -And with gauze protective layers on top and bottom.

If there are no increased emissions of radionuclides into the atmosphere, a sample is taken using Typhoon-4 within a week. If there is an increased release of radionuclides, the filter must be interrupted and its early isotope analysis must be carried out.

At control points where there is a possibility of daily filter change (they are located in a residential village of a nuclear power plant), aerosol samples are taken once a day. For this, the Typhoon-3 filtering unit is used.

For mass measurements on the ground, a gauze cone (net) is used as a simple and cheap device, stretched over a wire frame and mounted on a rod stuck into the ground. The axis of the cone is located horizontally at right angles to the boom at a height 1.5 m above the surface of the earth. The device is freely blown by the wind.

The efficiency of capturing radioactive aerosols by a cone depends on weather conditions and dispersion of aerosol particles. Particles with a size of about 0.1 microns are the worst of all captured, which corresponds to "old" (long-formed) radioactive aerosols of global origin.

Measurements of radioactive contamination are carried out using radiometers and dosimeters.

6. Observations of the background state of the atmosphere

The national network of integrated background monitoring stations is part of the international network and monitors the state of pollution of natural environments in background regions. This network is the foundation for creating national service environmental monitoring, which will subsequently unite stations operating under international programs.

Base stations should be located in the cleanest places (in the mountains, on isolated islands), where at a distance 100 km from the station in all directions in the next 50 years, no significant changes in land use practice are expected. The main task of base stations is to control the global background level of atmospheric pollution, which is not affected by any local sources.

Regional stations , the main purpose of which is to detect long-term fluctuations in atmospheric components in the station area, due to changes in land use and other anthropogenic influences, should be located in rural areas, at a distance of at least 40 km from large sources of pollution.

Continental stations (or regional stations with an expanded program) cover a wider range of studies compared to regional stations. They should be placed in remote areas so that within a radius 100 km there were no sources that (except for short periods of time) could affect local pollution levels.

Due to the fact that continental background stations are designed to characterize the features of pollution of the continent as a whole, it is advisable to install them above the mixing layer, i.e. above 1000 m above sea level.

Integrated background monitoring stations (SCFM).One of the principles of background monitoring is a comprehensive study of the content of pollutants in the components of ecosystems (atmospheric air, precipitation, water, soil, biota). Therefore, the SCFM observation program includes systematic measurements of the content of pollutants simultaneously in all media. The results of these measurements are supplemented by hydrometeorological data.

The list of substances included in the program has been compiled taking into account such properties as their prevalence and stability in the environment, the ability to migrate over long distances, the degree of negative impact on biological and geophysical systems of various levels. Subject to measurement are the average daily concentrations in the atmospheric air of suspended particles, ozone, carbon and nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, sulfates, benzo (a) pyrene, as well as the indicator of aerosol turbidity of the atmosphere. Concentrations are measured in precipitation lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, benz-a-pyrene, DDT and other organochlorine compounds, pH, the amount of anions and cations according to the WMO program in total monthly samples.

The data of hydrometeorological observations are used to calculate the parameters characterizing the degree of environmental pollution and to interpret their dynamics. At the same time, hydrometeorological data are independent characteristics of the state of the natural environment.

Meteorological observations include observations of air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure and cloudiness (quantity, shape, height), sunshine, atmospheric precipitation (quantity and intensity), snow cover, soil surface condition. In addition, they include observations of radiation (direct, scattered, total and reflected) and radiation balance, gradients of temperature, humidity and wind speed at an altitude of 0.5 ... 10 m , temperature gradients, soil moisture at a depth from the surface to 20 cm , thermal balance. Data on air temperature and atmospheric pressure are used when bringing the volume of air samples to normal conditions, on the amount and intensity of precipitation - when calculating the fluxes of pollutants on the underlying surface, on the moisture content in the snow cover - when determining the amount of pollutants that have fallen on the underlying surface for winter period.

BAPMON stations.The compulsory observation program at base stations includes observations of the content of sulfur dioxide, aerosol turbidity of the atmosphere, radiation, suspended aerosol particles and the chemical composition of precipitation.

At regional stations, the observation program includes measurements of atmospheric turbidity and concentration of suspended aerosol particles, as well as determination of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation.

The program of observations at background stations of different categories can be expanded by increasing the number of gases detected in the atmosphere, in particular ozone, small gas components, the volume concentration of which is below 1%, as well as gases that, being transformed in the atmosphere, can turn into aerosol particles ( e.g. sulfur and nitrogen dioxides). At present, the spectrum of analyzed elements in precipitation and aerosols is gradually increasing.

Any observations carried out under the background monitoring program must be accompanied by a set of mandatory meteorological observations (for visibility, atmospheric phenomena, air temperature and humidity, wind direction and speed, atmospheric pressure), therefore, it is advisable to carry out background observations on the basis of meteorological stations.

7. Processing and generalization of the results of atmospheric monitoring

Data on the results of observations of atmospheric air pollution and meteorological parameters, on the results of flare and other observations are received from stationary and route posts to one of the divisions local authorities Roshydromet. Most often - to the departments for providing information to economic organizations, hydrometeorological departments, where they are monitored and brought together in special tables, called air pollution observation tables (TABs). These tables are divided into four types:

TZA-1 - results of one-time observations of atmospheric air pollution on a network of permanent stationary and route posts in one city or industrial center, as well as data of meteorological and aerological observations;

TZA-2 - the results of under-flare observations;

TZA-3 - data of average daily observations of the fallout and concentration of dust and gaseous impurities;

TZA-4 - data of daily observations using gas analyzers or other devices and devices of continuous operation.

TZA-1 consists of a main table and an additional one, which is called TZA-1d. Table TZA-1 consists of eight pages (100 ... 120 observations per month). It records observational data on the concentration of impurities and meteorological parameters corresponding to the timing of air sampling at meteorological stations. Table TZA-1d is intended for recording the concentrations of impurities and meteorological observation data at the posts of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision (SES) and other departments of the same city, as well as the results of spectral determination of the content of metals in samples.

After filling out the tables and transferring the data to a machine medium (punched tape, punched cards, etc.), they are stitched together in such a way that the observation data for all periods follow in ascending order of post numbers.

The columns (results of aerological observations) are filled in with the data received in the city or at a distance of 50 ... 60 km from it. The difference in the timing of upper-air observations and observations of atmospheric pollution should not exceed 3 hours. If the observation of air pollution falls in the middle of the interval of upper-air observations, then the data of the previous period is recorded.

TZA-2 is drawn up in accordance with the methods of Roshydromet.

In the title page of the TZA-3 table, the date of the end of the day is recorded, and when observing the concentration of dust, the date of removing the filter or gauze from the tablet.

After filling in the table TZA-3, calculations and samples are made:

– average concentrations (or precipitation) for all days of the month;

– maximum concentrations (or precipitation) for all days of the month;

– the same for days with precipitation, including precipitation up to 5 mm and more; the same for days without precipitation;

– for all the above calculations, data on wind speeds of less than 2.2 and more than 5 m / s are selected; the number of cases is higher than the MPC.

TZA-4 contains the results of continuous observations (gas analyzers and other devices) for a month.

The title page of the table of observations of atmospheric air pollution (gas analyzers) TZA-4 is drawn up in the same way as the title page of TZA-1.

Following the title page are unfolded sheets for recording the actual data of continuous observations of the concentrations of one impurity by one device. The number of sheets in TZA-4 must correspond to the number of devices in the city. The data is arranged in the order of increasing post numbers.

State monitoring of atmospheric air is:

1) component state monitoring of the environment;

2) type of monitoring of atmospheric air;

3) a system of observations of the state of atmospheric air, its pollution and natural phenomena occurring in it, as well as the assessment and forecast of the state of atmospheric air, its pollution, carried out by federal bodies executive power in the field of environmental protection, by other executive authorities within their competence in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

State control over the protection of atmospheric air must ensure compliance with:

· Conditions established by permits for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and for harmful physical effects on it;

Standards, regulations, rules and other requirements for the protection of atmospheric air, including production control for the protection of atmospheric air;

· The regime of sanitary protection zones of objects with stationary sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air;

Implementation of federal target programs for the protection of atmospheric air, programs of subjects Russian Federation protection of atmospheric air and implementation of measures for its protection;

· Other requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection.

State control over the protection of atmospheric air is carried out by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection and its territorial bodies in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation organize and carry out state control (state environmental control) over the protection of atmospheric air, with the exception of control at objects of economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental control... The air quality monitoring network has been created and is being implemented in the system of organizations of Roshydromet.

It includes 260 cities in Russia. Regular monitoring of atmospheric air quality is carried out at 710 stations. The control and observation network of other departments includes 50 more stations.

As part of Public service There are also specialized monitoring subsystems for monitoring the state of the atmospheric air, in particular, stations in biosphere reserves, including for the transboundary transport of air pollutants.

Rice. 2.1

A particular role is played by the monitoring measurements carried out within the framework of the Joint Observing and Evaluation Program for the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe. The countries that have signed the "Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution" are working under a special program (EMEP Program).

Some observation stations operating as part of the monitoring subsystems are included in the international systems observations, such as monitoring stations for background air pollution.

At "background" stations in biosphere reserves, it is mandatory to determine the following chemicals in the air: suspended particles (aerosols), sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, benzopyrene, organochlorine compounds (DDT, etc.), heavy metals ( lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic), freons. In atmospheric precipitation, biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus) and radionucleides are additionally determined.

In addition, monitoring of the most important components of the atmosphere is carried out as part of global international observing networks. The composition of the observed components and the number of observation points are as follows: determination of ozone (130 ground stations, an artificial earth satellite "Meteor" with ozonometric equipment), determination of the optical density of aerosols (10 stations), assessment of atmospheric-electrical characteristics (3 stations).

An appropriate monitoring subsystem has been created to assess the timely state and forecast of the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (СО2, СН4, chlorofluorocarbons).

Main Applications of Air Pollution Research

· Substantiation of government decisions in the field of environmental protection and ecological safety;

Assessment of public health risk and burden on environment;

· Selection and optimization of atmospheric protection solutions and technologies in sectors of the economy, urban economy, etc .;

· Rationing of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere;

· Justification of the size of the sanitary protection zones;

· Design and reconstruction of objects for various purposes;

· Calculated and hybrid monitoring of atmospheric pollution, assimilation and interpretation of instrumental monitoring data. In order to standardize emissions in the calculation of concentrations, instrumental monitoring data are taken into account through background concentrations Cf;

· Forecast and regulation of atmospheric pollution;

· Assessment of potential consequences and support of real accidents, etc .;

· Assessment of the impact of possible climate changes on air pollution in cities and industrial areas;

· International projects;

· Military applications.

The problem of environmental pollution, especially the Earth's air envelope, is becoming more and more urgent over time. The basis for solving this problem lies in the development and improvement of environmental monitoring systems carried out on a modern organizational and technological basis.

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Introduction 1. Methods for monitoring atmospheric air 1.1. General concept on atmospheric air monitoring 1.2. Objectives of atmospheric air monitoring 1.3. Basic methods of air monitoring 1.4. Criteria for the sanitary and hygienic assessment of the air condition 2. The system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air in Russia 2.1. Organizational structure of air pollution monitoring 2.2. Problems of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air 2.3. Ways of further development of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air 2.4. Normative legal documents regulating atmospheric air monitoring Conclusion References

Introduction

The problem of environmental pollution, especially the Earth's air envelope, is becoming more and more urgent over time. The basis for solving this problem lies in the development and improvement of environmental monitoring systems carried out on a modern organizational and technological basis. The main directions of methodological support are analyzes of dust pollution and the presence of pollutants in the air.

The purpose of this essay is to highlight the main methods of monitoring atmospheric air.

The following tasks are highlighted:

Define the concept of atmospheric air monitoring;

Study methods for monitoring atmospheric air;

Consider the organization of the atmospheric air monitoring system.

1. Methods for monitoring atmospheric air

1.1. General concept of atmospheric air monitoring

Ambient air monitoring - system observations of the state of atmospheric air, its pollution and non-natural phenomena occurring in it, as well as the assessment and forecast of the state of atmospheric air, its pollution (the law "On the protection of atmospheric air.")

In order to monitor air pollution, integrated assessment and the forecast of its condition, as well as the provision of organs state power, bodies local government, organizations and the population of current and urgent information on atmospheric air pollution The Government of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies organize state monitoring of atmospheric air and, within their competence, ensure its implementation in the respective territories of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal formations.

State monitoring of atmospheric air is an integral part of state environmental monitoring and is carried out by federal executive bodies in the field of environmental protection, other executive bodies within their competence in the manner established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection together with the territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas shall establish and revise the list of facilities, the owners of which must monitor the atmospheric air.

1.2. Objectives of atmospheric air monitoring

The monitoring system solves the following tasks related to air quality management, including:

• control over compliance with state and international standards for atmospheric air quality;
• obtaining objective baseline data for the development of environmental protection measures, urban planning and planning of transport systems;
• public awareness of ambient air quality and deployment of warning systems for sharp increases in pollution;
• assessing the health impact of air pollution;
• assessment of the effectiveness of environmental protection measures.

1.3. Basic methods of air monitoring

The first attempts to study the atmosphere were made by M.V. Lomonosov. The first weather service appeared in Russia in 1872. Many experiments have confirmed the relationship between atmospheric pollution and meteorological parameters.

Meteorology is the science of the earth's atmosphere, its structure, properties and processes occurring in it. The properties of the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it are considered in connection with the properties and influence of the underlying surface (land and sea). The main task of meteorology is forecasting the weather for various periods.

The meteorological station is the main component of regular observations of the state of the atmosphere. Intended for:

• Measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity of air;
• Wind speed and direction;
• Control of cloudiness, precipitation, visibility, solar radiation.

Distinguish between land-based and drifting weather stations, installed on ships, on buoys in the open sea.

The ground subsystem for data acquisition includes 65 centers for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring, 21 hydrometeorological centers, 21 hydrometeorological observatories, 16 hydrometeorological bureaus, 18 aviation meteorological centers, 343 aeronautical stations, 22 centers for monitoring environmental pollution, 1606 hydrometeorological stations in Antarctica, 17 ionosphere-magnetic and 30 ozonometric stations. Radiometric measurements are carried out at 1,450 stations and posts. Air pollution is determined at 687 stations in 299 cities.

Methods for sensing atmospheric air

Rocket sounding is used to sound the upper atmosphere: a layer from 15-20 to 80-120 km (stratosphere and mesosphere), which contains most of the ozonosphere and lower ionosphere and higher layers of the thermosphere and exosphere.

To study the middle atmosphere, meteorological rockets are used, rising to heights of 80-100 km. They can be liquid and solid fuel. The main parameters measured by meteorological rockets are: pressure, temperature, density and gas composition of air. Other characteristics may be measured, depending on the research program.

Powerful geophysical rockets are used to study the upper atmosphere, rising to heights of more than 100-150 km. Measurements are made of the intensity of solar and cosmic radiation, optical properties of air, its thermodynamic and electrical properties, parameters of the Earth's magnetic field. Along with rocket sounding, related to direct measurement methods, indirect methods are also used to study the upper atmosphere using radar, meteorological instruments, microwave, optical technology.

The missile sensing system consists of the missile itself, equipped with measuring instruments and a ground measuring complex, which is understood as a set of terrestrial radio technical means, designed to receive telemetric information about the parameters of the atmosphere and to measure the coordinates of the rocket during flight.

The instrument container is delivered to the ground using a parachute.

Echo and radar method

Sonar - sounding the atmosphere using sound waves. Allows you to identify areas of large-scale changes in atmospheric density.

Radar, radar - sounding of the atmosphere by radio waves with lengths from meter to millimeter range. Allows you to identify various objects of natural and artificial origin, moving in the atmosphere, to determine their distance and speed (using the Doppler effect).

Radar is carried out in three ways:

1) irradiation of an object and reception of radiation reflected from it;

2) irradiation of the object and reception of re-emitted (retransmitted) waves;

3) reception of radio waves emitted by the object itself.

Lidar is a device for laser sounding of the atmosphere in the optical range of the spectrum. In a generalized sense, a laser in a lidar is used as a pulsed source of directed light radiation. In contrast to the radio range, in the light range of frequencies, due to the smallness of the wavelengths, it is especially visible and ultraviolet radiation reflectors of the location signal are all molecular and aerosol components of the atmosphere, i.e. in fact, the atmosphere itself forms a lidar echo from the entire sounding path. This allows laser sensing to be carried out in any direction in the atmosphere.

The principle of laser sensing of the atmosphere is that a laser beam, during its propagation, is scattered by air molecules and inhomogeneities, molecules of impurities contained in it, aerosol particles, is partially absorbed and changes its physical parameters (frequency, pulse shape, etc.). Glow (fluorescence) appears, which allows you to qualitatively and quantitatively judge the various parameters of the air environment (pressure, temperature, humidity, gas concentration).

Laser sensing of the atmosphere is carried out mainly in the ultraviolet, visible and microwave ranges. The use of lidars with a high repetition rate of short pulses makes it possible to study the dynamics of rapidly proceeding processes in small volumes and in large layers of the atmosphere.

Optical location method

Similar to the echo and radar method.

Raman scattering method

When light is scattered by gas molecules, the frequency of the scattered radiation shifts. Each gas molecule has a Raman shift of frequencies, which is characteristic only for it. A medium consisting of gas molecules only has a combination spectrum inherent in it. Its registration makes it possible to determine the presence of impurities in the studied medium by analyzing the shift of the absorption bands.

Due to the small cross-section of Raman scattering, this method is used at short distances - several tens of meters (for example, to control harmful emissions from house chimneys).

Resonant fluorescence method

Based on the ability of molecules to fluoresce when exposed to radiation. For example, molecules CO fluoresce when irradiated with radiation = 4.6 μm, and the molecules NO 2 - when irradiated with an argon laser with = 488 nm.

The fluorescence cross section is much higher than the Raman cross section; therefore, this method is more sensitive.

Detection method of transmitted radiation

The method is based on the registration of radiation passing through the medium "through the transmission", when the reference laser generator and the receiver are located at different sides from the object under study.

With the use of reflectors, the generator and receiver are located side by side.

The method has the highest sensitivity of all, but can only be used to measure the integral concentration only along the beam path.

Differential method

Combines absorption and backscattering method.

Bioindication methods

Bioindication is a method that allows one to judge the state of the environment by the fact of meeting, absence, developmental features of organisms - bioindicators. The strongest anthropogenic impact on phytocenoses is exerted by pollutants in the ambient air, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, etc. Among them, the most typical is sulfur dioxide, which is formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel (the operation of heat and power plants, boiler houses, heating stoves of the population, as well as transport, especially diesel).

The resistance of plants to sulfur dioxide is different. Even an insignificant presence of sulfur dioxide in the air is well diagnosed by lichens - at first bushy forms disappear, then leafy and, finally, scale forms. Among the higher plants, conifers (cedar, spruce, pine) have an increased sensitivity to SO2. Resistant to pollution euonymus, privet, ash-leaved maple.

For a number of plants, the boundaries of their vital activity and the maximum permissible concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air have been established. MPC values ​​(mg / m3): for timothy grass, common lilac - 0.2; barberry - 0.5; meadow fescue, golden currant - 1.0; ash-leaved maple - 2.0.

Plants such as wheat, corn, fir, spruce, garden strawberries, warty birch are sensitive to the content of other pollutants in the air (for example, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride).

Resistant to the content of hydrogen fluoride in the air are cotton, dandelion, potatoes, rose, tobacco, tomatoes, grapes, and to hydrogen chloride - cruciferous, umbrella, pumpkin, geranium, clove, heather, compositae.

Methods for monitoring the gas composition of atmospheric air

Air sampling in the analysis of gaseous and vaporous impurities is carried out by drawing air through special solid or liquid absorbers, in which the gaseous impurity is condensed or adsorbed.

In recent years, soluble inorganic chemisorbents, film polymer sorbents, which allow capturing a variety of chemical substances from polluted air, have been used as sorbents for concentrating trace impurities. An important advantage of polymer sorbents is their hydrophobicity (air moisture is not concentrated in traps and does not interfere with the analysis) and the ability to maintain for a long time without changing the original composition of the sample.

The concentration of gaseous and vaporous impurities in atmospheric air is monitored using gas analyzers that allow instant and continuous monitoring of the content of harmful impurities in it.

1.4. Criteria for the sanitary and hygienic assessment of the air condition

Substances in the atmospheric air enter the human body mainly through the respiratory system. Inhaled polluted air through the trachea and bronchi enters the alveoli of the lungs, from where impurities enter the blood and lymph.

In our country, work is being carried out on hygienic regulation (rationing) of the permissible level of impurities in the atmospheric air. The substantiation of hygienic standards is preceded by multifaceted complex studies on laboratory animals, and in the case of assessing the body's olfactory reactions to the effects of pollutants and on volunteers. In such studies, the most modern methods developed in biology and medicine.

At present, the maximum permissible concentration in the atmospheric air has been determined for more than 500 substances.

The maximum permissible concentration (MPC) is the maximum concentration of an impurity in the atmospheric air, referred to a certain averaging time, which, with periodic exposure or throughout a person's life, does not and will not have a harmful effect on him (including long-term consequences) and on the environment in the whole.

Hygienic standards must ensure the physiological optimum for human life, and, in this regard, high requirements are imposed on the quality of atmospheric air in our country. Due to the fact that short-term exposure to harmful substances that are not detectable by smell can cause functional changes in the cerebral cortex and in the visual analyzer, the values ​​of the maximum one-time maximum permissible concentrations(MPCmr.) Taking into account the likelihood of long-term exposure to harmful substances on the human body, the values ​​of average daily maximum permissible concentrations (MPCss) were introduced.

Thus, for each substance, two standards have been established: The maximum one-time maximum permissible concentration (MPCmr) (averaged over 20-30 minutes) in order to prevent reflex reactions in humans and the average daily maximum allowable concentration (MPCss) in order to prevent general toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and another action with unlimited prolonged breathing.

The values ​​of MPCmr and MPCss for the most common impurities in the atmospheric air are shown in Table 2.1. The extreme right column of the table lists the hazard classes of substances: 1 - extremely hazardous, 2 - highly hazardous, 3 - moderately hazardous and 4 - low hazard. These classes are designed for the conditions of continuous inhalation of substances without changing their concentration over time. In real conditions, significant increases in the concentration of impurities are possible, which can lead in a short period of time to a sharp deterioration in the human condition.

Table 1.4

Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in the atmospheric air of populated areas

Substance	MPC, mg / m3		Hazard Class
		Maximum one-time		Average daily
Nitrogen dioxide	0,085	0,04
sulphur dioxide		0,05
Carbon monoxide
Dust (suspended particles)		0,15
Ammonia		0,04
Sulfuric acid
Phenol	0,01	0,003
Metallic mercury		0,0003

In places where resorts are located, on the territories of sanatoriums, rest homes and recreation areas in cities with a population of more than 200 thousand people. The concentration of impurities that pollute the air should not exceed 0.8 MPC.

A situation may arise when there are simultaneously substances in the air that have a summed (additive) effect. In this case, the sum of their concentrations (C), normalized to the MPC, should not exceed one in accordance with the following expression:

Harmful substances with summation of action include, as a rule, close in chemical structure and the nature of the effect on the human body, for example:

• sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid aerosol;
• sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide;
• sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide;
• sulfur dioxide and phenol;
• sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride;
• sulfur dioxide and trioxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides;
• sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, phenol and converter dust.

At the same time, many substances, when present simultaneously in the atmospheric air, do not have a summation of action, i.e. maximum permissible concentration values ​​are stored for each substance separately, for example:

• carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide;
• carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide;
• hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide.

In the case when there are no MPC values, to assess the hygienic hazard of a substance, you can use the indicator of the approximate safe maximum one-time air pollution level (TSEL).

The values ​​of the maximum permissible concentration of substances in the air of the working area (MPCrz) have also been developed.

The MPCrz value should be such that it does not cause illnesses in workers after daily inhalation for 8 hours, or does not lead to a deterioration in the state of health in the long term. Working area a space up to 2 m high is considered, where the place of permanent or temporary stay of workers is located. So MPCrz of sulfur dioxide is 10, nitrogen dioxide - 5, and mercury - 0.01 mg / m3, which is significantly higher than MPCmr and MPCss of the corresponding substances (see Table 1.4).

2. The system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air in Russia

2.1. Organizational structure of air pollution monitoring

State monitoring of atmospheric air is:

1) an integral part of state environmental monitoring;

2) type of monitoring of atmospheric air;

3) a system for monitoring the state of atmospheric air, its pollution and natural phenomena occurring in it, as well as assessing and forecasting the state of atmospheric air, its pollution, carried out by federal executive bodies in the field of environmental protection, other executive bodies within their competence in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

State control over the protection of atmospheric air must ensure compliance with:

• the conditions established by permits for the emission of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and for harmful physical effects on it;
• standards, regulations, rules and other requirements for the protection of atmospheric air, including industrial control over the protection of atmospheric air;
• the regime of sanitary protection zones of facilities with stationary sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air;
• fulfillment of federal target programs for the protection of atmospheric air, programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the protection of atmospheric air and the implementation of measures for its protection;
• other requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection.

State control over the protection of atmospheric air is carried out by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection and its territorial bodies in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation organize and conduct state control (state environmental control) over the protection of atmospheric air, with the exception of control at objects of economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental control.

The air quality monitoring network has been created and is being implemented in the system of organizations of Roshydromet. It includes 260 cities in Russia. Regular monitoring of atmospheric air quality is carried out at 710 stations. The control and observation network of other departments includes 50 more stations. As part of the State Service for Monitoring the State of Atmospheric Air, there are also specialized monitoring subsystems, in particular, stations in biosphere reserves, including for the transboundary transport of air pollutants.

Rice. 2.1. Organizational and structural diagram of air pollution monitoring

A particular role is played by the monitoring measurements carried out within the framework of the Joint Observing and Evaluation Program for the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe. The countries that have signed the "Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution" are working under a special program (EMEP Program).

Some observing stations operating as part of monitoring subsystems are included in international observing systems, for example, stations for monitoring background air pollution.

At the "background" stations in biosphere reserves, it is mandatory to determine the following chemicals in the air: suspended particles (aerosols), sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, benzopyrene, organochlorine compounds (DDT, etc.), heavy metals ( lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic), freons. In atmospheric precipitation, biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus) and radionucleides are additionally determined.

In addition, monitoring of the most important components of the atmosphere is carried out as part of global international observing networks. The composition of the observed components and the number of observation points are as follows: determination of ozone (130 ground stations, an artificial earth satellite "Meteor" with ozonometric equipment), determination of the optical density of aerosols (10 stations), assessment of atmospheric-electrical characteristics (3 stations).

An appropriate monitoring subsystem has been created to assess the timely state and forecast of the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (СО2, СН4, chlorofluorocarbons).

Main Applications of Air Pollution Research

• Justification of government decisions in the field of environmental protection and ecological safety;
• Assessment of public health risk and environmental stress;
• Selection and optimization of atmospheric protection solutions and technologies in sectors of the economy, urban economy, etc .;
• Rationing of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere;
• Justification of the size of the sanitary protection zones;
• Design and reconstruction of objects for various purposes;
• Calculated and hybrid monitoring of atmospheric pollution, assimilation and interpretation of instrumental monitoring data. In order to standardize emissions in the calculation of concentrations, instrumental monitoring data are taken into account through background concentrations Cf;
• Forecast and regulation of atmospheric pollution;
• Assessment of potential consequences and support of real accidents, etc .;
• Assessment of the impact of possible climate changes on air pollution in cities and industrial areas;
• International projects;
• Military applications.

2.2. Problems of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air

1.The density of the existing network is insufficient:

The population in cities where the level of pollution is not assessed due to the lack of observations or their insufficient number is 35% of the urban population of the Russian Federation;

State of the art the networks and volumes of financing allow to ensure the actual implementation of the volume of work on monitoring air pollution in cities by 41% in relation to the norm.

2. Technical equipment By now, the stations are largely obsolete and, as a rule, have exhausted their resource, there are gaps in observations due to frequent interruptions in the supply of electricity to the PNZ.

3. The existing monitoring system with manual sampling does not meet modern requirements for the transmission of operational information on atmospheric pollution to forecasting centers in order to assimilate it and provides measurements of only a small fraction of those harmful impurities that need to be predicted.

4. Insufficient provision of analytical laboratories with modern measuring instruments.

2.3. Ways of further development of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air

1. Fundamental modernization of the instrumentation of the observation network and laboratory equipment

2. The ubiquitous transition from abbreviated to full program selection and analysis of air samples;

3. Organization of a subsystem for monitoring the concentration of fine dust, fractions PM10 and PM2.5;

4. Coverage of the air pollution monitoring system in cities with a population of over 100 thousand people;

5. Development of new, of local importance, and revision of existing methods for determining the concentration of impurities with active and passive sampling. Techniques with the use of multicomponent methods of analysis, in particular, chromatographic ones, seem to be especially promising;

6. Improvement of the data quality assurance system of the monitoring network in order to increase the reliability of the results of measurements of impurity concentrations;

7. Updating the regulatory and methodological base of instrumental and computational monitoring, forecasting atmospheric pollution, including the processing and presentation of data, coordination of departmental, territorial and local observation systems, taking into account the recommendations of WHO and foreign experience;

8. Further improvement of the in-depth analysis of the observation results in order to more fully assess the changes in the level of air pollution;

9. Development of new software for processing and analysis of observational data for the purpose of complete automation of generalization and creation information documents and resources. Introduction of modern technical means and technologies in regional monitoring centers;

10. Providing initial data for calculations of air pollution;

11. Development of a network of GAW stations, background monitoring as reference points for reconstructing the characteristics of atmospheric pollution across the territory of Russia.

The main directions of the observational network development in accordance with the Strategy of activities in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas for the period up to 2030 (taking into account the aspects of climate change), approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2010 No. 1458-r:

Conducting regular observations of atmospheric air pollution and their optimization by increasing the frequency of observations,

Observing organizations in 43 cities with a population of over 100 thousand inhabitants,

Extensions to the international requirements of the list of determined substances (PM10, PM2.5),

Step-by-step introduction of automated systems for continuous measurement of the content of the main pollutants in the atmospheric air of settlements.

2.4. Normative legal documents regulating atmospheric air monitoring

Legal protection atmosphere - implementation constitutional rights population and environmental standards has led to a significant expansion of the base legislative regulation in the field of atmospheric air protection. The main legislative and other regulatory legal acts are the following:

* The Air Code of the Russian Federation (March 19, 1997) In it special requirements are presented to the state of flight technology, the regulation of the operation of engines to reduce atmospheric pollution.

* Federal Law of 04.05.1999 N 96-FZ (as amended on 23.07.2013) "On the protection of atmospheric air." The law establishes legal basis protection of atmospheric air and is aimed at the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens to a favorable environment and reliable information about its state.

* Federal Law "On the Destruction of Chemical Weapons" (May 2, 1997) Establishes the legal basis for a set of activities to ensure environmental protection.

* Criminal Code (January 1997) Has a number of articles related to the protection of atmospheric air contains the definition of "Environmental crimes".

* The State Ecological Committee of Russia reviewed and approved several regulatory documents concerning the protection of the atmosphere, in particular, on the methodology for calculating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.

* GOST (1986) “Nature protection. Atmosphere. Norms and methods for determining emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases of diesel engines, tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines. "

Federal legislation and decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation general use
01-01	"The Constitution of the Russian Federation" (as amended on 12/30/2008) (adopted by popular vote on 12/12/1993) - / Art. 42, 58 /
01-02	"The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation" dated 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 24.05.1996) (as amended on 07.03.2011) / Ch. 26, art. 358 /
01-03	Federal constitutional law dated 17.12.1997 No. 2-FKZ(as amended on 28.12.2010) "On the Government of the Russian Federation" (approved by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 14.05.1997) - / Art. eighteen/
01-04	Federal Law of 04.05.1999 No. 96-FZ (as amended on 27.12.2009) "On the protection of atmospheric air" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 02.04.1999)
01-05	Federal Law of December 26, 2008 No. 294-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2010, as amended on February 7, 2011) "On the protection of rights legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the implementation state control(supervision) and municipal control"(adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 19.12.2008)
01-06	"Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses"dated 30.12.2001 No. 195-FZ (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 20.12.2001) (as amended on 07.02.2011) (with amendments and additions, effective from 27.01.2011) - / chapter 8 /
01-07	Federal Law of 10.01.2002 No. 7-FZ (as amended on 29.12.2010) "On Environmental Protection" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 20.12.2001)
01-08	Federal Law of December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ (as amended on September 28, 2010) "On technical regulation"(adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on December 15, 2002)
01-09	Federal Law of 26.06.2008 No. 102-FZ "On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 11.06.2008)
01-10	Federal Law of 23.11.2009 No. 261-FZ (as amended on 27.07.2010) "On energy saving and on increasing energy efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation "(adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation 11.11.2009)
01-11	Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 01.04.1996 No. 440 "On the Concept of the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development"
01-12	Order of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No. 861-rp "On the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation"
01-13	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 03/02/2000 No. 182 (as amended on 02/15/2011) "On the procedure for establishing and revising environmental and hygienic standards for the quality of atmospheric air, maximum permissible levels of physical effects on atmospheric air and state registration harmful (polluting) substances and potentially hazardous substances "
01-14	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 03/02/2000 No. 183 (as amended on 02/15/2011) "On the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it"
01-15	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 28, 2002 No. 847 (revised on April 22, 2009) "On the procedure for limiting, suspending or stopping the emission of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air"
01-16	Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 404 of May 29, 2008 (as amended on January 28, 2011) "On the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation"
01-17	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2004 No. 400 (as amended on November 12, 2010) "On approval of the Regulation on the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources and Amendments to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 370 of July 22, 2004"
01-18	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2004 No. 401 (as amended on January 28, 2011) "On the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and atomic supervision"
01-19	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 23.07.2004 No. 372 (as amended on 28.01.2011) "On the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring"
01-20	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2007 No. 421 (as amended on 15.02.2011) "On the delineation of powers of federal executive bodies participating in the implementation of international obligations Of the Russian Federation in the field of chemical disarmament "- / p. 16, 19 /
01-21	Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2009 No. 285 "On the List of Objects Subject to Federal State Environmental Control"
01-22	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.04.2009 No. 322 (as amended on 04.03.2011) "On measures to implement the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 28 June 2007 No. 825" On assessing the effectiveness of the activities of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation "(together with" Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation ")
01-23	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.05.2001 No. 641-r "On the procedure for issuing certificates in the field of atmospheric air protection"
01-24	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r "On the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation"
01-25	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 28, 2008 No. 74-r "On the Concept of the Federal Target Program" National System of Chemical and Biological Safety of the Russian Federation (2009 - 2013) "
01-26	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 No. 1662-r (revised on 08.08.2009) "On the Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020" (together with the "Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020 ")
01-27	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 No. 1663-r (revised on December 14, 2009) "On approval of the main activities of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2012 and the list of projects for their implementation"
01-28	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 18.08.2009 No. 1166-r "On a set of measures for environmental protection in terms of ensuring environmental and radiation safety In Russian federation"
01-29	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 13.11.2009 No. 1715-r "On the Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period up to 2030"
01-30	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 31, 2010 No. 869-r "On approval of a set of measures for the gradual adjustment of the most contaminated areas of settlements in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements that ensure comfortable and safe conditions human residence "
01-31	Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 03.09.2010 No. 1458-r "On Approval of the Strategy of Activities in the Field of Hydrometeorology and Related Areas for the Period up to 2030 (Taking into Account the Aspects of Climate Change)"
01-32	Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation of 09.08.2007 No. 205 (as amended on 25.12.2009) "On approval of the Regulation of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation" (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on September 17, 2007 No. 10144)
01-33	Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation of March 18, 2009 No. 150"On approval of the Strategy for the development of the metallurgical industry in Russia for the period up to 2020"
Note : In addition, the following documents correspond to the subject of this section: in section 4 - №№ 04-01, 04-03, 04-06, 04-13, 04-16; in section 6 - Nos. 06-01, 06-02; in section 8 - Nos. 08-01, 08-09; in section 9 - No. 09-01, 09-02, 09-04.

Conclusion

The development of the state observation network should be carried out in conjunction with government programs socio-economic development federal districts and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account the information received by the territorial observation systems of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local observation systems.

References

1. Federal Law of 04.05.1999 N 96-FZ (as amended on 23.07.2013) "On the protection of atmospheric air"http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_150000/
   Gorelin DO, Konopelko LA Monitoring of air pollution and emission sources. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1992.432 p.
2. Peshkov Yu.V. State monitoring system for the state and pollution of atmospheric air, St. Petersburg, 2013
3. Environmental monitoring. Methods and means. Tutorial... A.K. Murtazov; Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin. - Ryazan, 2008 .-- 146 p.
4. Environmental law of Russia: dictionary legal terms... - M .: Gorodets. A.K. Golichenkov. 2008.
5. Environmental monitoring of atmospheric air Mazulina OV, Polonskiy Ya.V. Volgograd, 2012

http://sibac.info/index.php/2009-07-01-10-21-16/3003-2012-05-31-06-09-14.

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