2. Technical means protection.

3. Colors and safety signs.

4. Safety requirements for the operation of buildings, structures.

5. Safety requirements for equipment and processes.

Technological processes using technology and various mechanisms are implemented in hazardous areas.

Hazardous area - a space in which exposure to a harmful or dangerous factor is possible.

In different technological processes, safety is ensured by various technical means: safety, blocking, braking, signaling devices, protective fences, automatic couplings, remote control, etc.

Safety devices - these are devices that ensure the safe operation of equipment and machines by means of automatic shutdown of the mechanism or change of the operating mode if the controlled parameter goes beyond the permissible limits (limit switches that limit the movement of working bodies; various couplings; shear pins and pins; valves that open when the pressure rises ; fuses and circuit breakers).

Locking devices - These are devices that secure fixation of parts of machines and elements of electrical circuits in a certain state, which either prevent improper actions of personnel, or prevent the development of an emergency (by turning off sections of the technical system or putting into operation special devices).

They are: mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, pneumatic, etc.

Signaling devices - inform workers about the state of the working process, its qualitative and quantitative changes, the level of hazards, etc.

Devices are: manual, automatic

Signal elements are: visual, acoustic.

Protective fences - represent a physical barrier between a person and a hazardous or harmful production factor, thereby preventing contact.

Fences can be fixed or removable, permanent or temporary.

Guards should not interfere with: maintenance, limit visibility, be a source of danger

Braking devices - are used to stop moving machines and units, prevent self-lowering of loads, hold equipment on slopes, etc.

Automatic couplers - allow to carry out automatic coupling of tractors and cars with trailers and agricultural machines without human intervention, which excludes injuries.

Remote control - designed to control technological processes or other equipment from workplaces located outside the hazardous area.

Remote monitoring is carried out using sensors, television screens, instrumentation, etc., and control - using electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and other drives and computers.

In addition to general technical safety equipment, a system of colors and safety signs is intended to distinguish production facilities and zones by any sign of danger to prevent accidents.

Signal colors mean:

green - security, permission

red - prohibition, stop, danger

blue - information

yellow - attention, warning of possible danger.

The prescriptive signs and signal lamps for the normal operation of the equipment are colored green.

In red - the inner surfaces of housings and casings enclosing moving parts, containers with flammable and explosive contents, buttons, switching and emergency levers, prohibiting signs, warning lamps, etc.

In blue - direction signs, places of connection of grounding conductors, etc.

In yellow - pesticide containers, lubrication points, warning signs, warning lights, edges of protective devices, etc.

Safety signs divided into groups: prohibiting, warning, prescriptive, directional, evacuation signs, signs fire safety, signs for medical and sanitary purposes.

Prohibitive - prohibit or restrict any actions (smoking, entry, use of devices).

Warning - signal a possible danger (be careful, danger of explosion, poisonous substances, electrical voltage).

Prescriptive - allow actions only if specific safety requirements are met (work in a helmet, safety shoes, glasses).

Directional - indicate the location of the place, object or facility (smoking area, fire hydrant).

Evacuation signs - show escape routes.

Fire safety signs - indicate the location of fire fighting equipment.

Medical and sanitary signs - indicate the location of these objects.

General safety requirements for technological processes provide (requirements for protective equipment against hazardous production factors):

planning, organizing and carrying out works, including mechanization, automation, remote control;

timely repair and adjustment of equipment;

elimination of direct contact of workers with sources of harmful and hazardous production factors;

compliance of technological processes of cultivation, harvesting, processing of agricultural products and work in animal husbandry with standard operating technologies;

compliance of work carried out with the use of pesticides, regulatory documentation.

Industrial buildings, structures must meet the requirements that ensure healthy and safe conditions labor.

These requirements include the rational use of the territory and industrial premises, maintenance of production facilities and workplaces in accordance with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules, arrangement of sanitary facilities.

The territories of enterprises and production sites should be illuminated at night. The outdoor lighting is designed with control independent of the lighting control inside the building.

The storage of various materials, parts and assemblies on the territory of the enterprise is organized in special places on the shelves.

To ensure fire safety, passages, driveways to fire reservoirs, hydrants, locations of fire fighting equipment and equipment are provided.

The territory of the enterprise is equipped with drainage systems and gutters. Gutter hatches and other underground structures must be in a closed position.

Particular attention is paid to the preparation of high-quality drinking water at industrial enterprises.

When carrying out repair, excavation and other works on the territory of the enterprise, open hatches, trenches and pits are fenced off. In the places of transition through trenches, walkways are installed with a width of at least 1 m with a handrail at least 1.1 m high.

Driveways and passages adjacent to production, administrative and sanitary premises must be watered in summer, cleaned of snow in winter and sprinkled with sand in case of icing.

1. Give the classification and characteristics of technical safety equipment.

2. What are the safety signs.

3. Purpose and conditions of application of the signal color system.

4. List the basic safety requirements for the operation of buildings and structures.

5. Describe the safety requirements for equipment and processes.

(BC Shkrabak et al. Life safety in agricultural production. M. "Kolos", 2004. BI Zotov, VI Kurdyumov. Life safety at work - M .: Kolos, 2004. Life safety. Textbook ed. S.V. Belova M. Higher school, 2003. Belyakov G.I. - in Prospect, 2007.)

Lecture topic: Basics of ensuring electrical safety

Short way http://bibt.ru

§ 2. Protective devices. Hazardous areas of machinery and equipment.

Moving parts of production equipment, if they are sources of danger, should be guarded.

In such cases, under dangerous area machinery and equipment is understood as space (on production equipment, mechanisms, machines or near them), penetration into which a person can be dangerous to his health and life.

Danger zone can create open rotating or moving parts of machines or workpieces (Fig. 99), it can even be at a distance from the source of danger - from flying off chips, abrasive particles, etc. The position of the danger zone in space can be constant or continuously changing. In the first case, this is the space between the lower and upper parts of the stamp, hammer or press, rotating gear teeth, belt pulleys, etc., and in the second, flying off chips, the space in front of the moving load, etc. The range of the striking effect of the chips depends on the nature of the processing, the cutting mode and the physicochemical properties of the material being processed.

Rice. 99. Dangerous areas of mechanisms (indicated by a bold arrow):

1 - transmission chain with a gear; 2 - belt drive; 3 - toothed rack; 4 - rollers; 5 - gear wheels; 6 - end unit of the belt conveyor; 7 - lathe support; 8 - drill; 9 - abrasive wheel; 10 - circular saw; 11 - band saw; 12 - cutter; 13 - cutter of a cross-planer machine; 14 - stamp; 15 - cutting device; 16 - extrusion device

At each object from the work performed on the territory of the construction site, there must be a fence of the border of the dangerous zone to protect the working personnel and people not involved in the performance of work from the action dangerous factors... Depending on the presence or absence of lifting structures (cranes, hoists, pipe layers, etc.), working machines and mechanisms (excavator, dump truck, pile driver, vibratory pile driver, concrete pump, asphalt paver, roller, bulldozer, etc.), the height of the building under construction and / or the depth of the excavated soils, the following boundaries of the danger zone are distinguished:

• from the height of the fall of materials, equipment, tools and other objects and their departure;
• from moving parts of machines and mechanisms;
• from the cargo moved by the crane, manipulator crane, pipelayer or other substation and its departure;
• from conducted tests (hydraulic, pneumatic testing of pipelines);
• to elevation differences (trenches, pits, floors of buildings).

The border of the danger zone from falling objects from buildings and structures

In the vicinity of a building under construction, the boundary of the hazardous zone is designated in the form of a stationary fence (when performing construction, installation and dismantling works on the territory of urban development) or a temporary fence (at an operating enterprise, when short-term work is carried out, when an object is erected on an empty site). mandatory during construction near buildings and structures under construction, it is necessary in the PPR to reflect the border of the dangerous zone from falling objects, materials, structures from them. In accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001, it is determined by the distance of departure of an object (cargo, structure, etc.) from the wall of a building or structure - X (shown in the figure below) plus the maximum overall size of the object - Lload.

The border of the danger zone from the work of lifts and towers

The same principle applies to lifts, towers, in which loads, tools are moved to a height. In this case, the distance to the border of the danger zone is taken from the edge of the cradle, the platform of the lift, but it is taken to be at least 5 m, since the distance from the operating mechanisms is taken to be at least 5 m.

First, in the PPR for the operation of the hoists, the working radius of the cradle rotation necessary for the production of work is determined, and then the calculated distance Ro.z is deposited from it. For towers and construction hoists, which are stationary, such a distance is taken from their edge and described around. All calculated boundaries of the OZ are transferred to the work site after the installation of the substation. To eliminate errors, the hazardous area fence must be installed at a short distance from Ro.z.

The height of a possible fall of an object (load) is taken from the platform for installing the lift, tower to the top of the cradle rail or platform, and when installing any equipment - to its bottom.

The border of the danger zone during the operation of a crane, pipelayer, etc.

When performing work with the use of lifting structures (cranes, pipe layers, manipulator cranes, etc.), there is a danger of falling loads during their movement. From the axis of the transported load (hook) during the performance of work, the boundary of the danger zone is established, determined by the following formula:

Ro.z. = Lload + Bload / 2 + X, where:

• Lload and Bload - horizontal projection of the minimum size of the cargo when moving its vehicle;
• Lload and Bload - the maximum size of the cargo when moving its vehicle;
• X is the minimum departure distance of the transported cargo, determined in accordance with the table:

Note. For intermediate values, the distance X is determined by interpolation using the formula:

X = X1 + (X2-X1) * (H-H1) / (H2-H1), where:
- X1 - the previous value of the departure of the cargo;
- X2 is the next value of the departure of the cargo;
- Н - required height for calculation;
- Н1 - the previous value of the height of the transported cargo;
- Н2 - the next value of the height of the transported load.
For example, when moving a load at a height of H = 14 m, the departure distance will be equal to:
X = 4+ (7-4) * (14-10) / (20-10) = 5.2 m.

The border of the danger zone near moving machines and mechanisms

At the construction site, from the involved equipment, machines and mechanisms, the border of the hazardous zone is allocated equal to 5 m from the moving working bodies of the equipment of machines and mechanisms (clause D.4 SNiP 12-03-2001). Other increasing requirements can be spelled out in the operating manual or passport. This border can be located both inside and stand out outside the boundary of the departure of an object, load from a building, during the operation of cranes, hoists, etc.

How to limit the border of the danger zone?

On the construction site under cramped conditions, it is possible to limit the border of the danger zone from emerging hazardous factors by limiting the operation of machines and mechanisms, installing additional fences, etc.

• When placing boom and tower cranes, crane-manipulators must forcibly limit the angle of rotation of the crane boom by installing the boom rotation limiters.
• When working at a height from scaffolding, on the upper levels of buildings and structures, install protective nets, additional fences, which prevent the departure of cargo, tools and other objects beyond its limits.

When placing construction machines on the GSS, zones are determined and indicated within which the appearance or action of hazardous production factors is possible. The dimensions of hazardous areas are determined on the basis of the requirements set out in SP 49.13330.2012 "Labor safety in construction", and must be fenced and marked with safety signs and inscriptions of the prescribed form.

To zones of permanently acting hazardous production factors associated with the work of cranes (hazardous areas of the work of machines) include places over which the movement of goods by cranes occurs. The radius of the border of this zone is defined as:

where R p- maximum working outreach for tower cranes

and for booms equipped with a device that keeps the boom from falling; or jib length for jib cranes not equipped with an anti-fall device; In takh - maximum size lifted load; R- the value of the departure of loads when falling, set in accordance with table. 2.4 (SP 49.13330.2012 “Labor safety in construction”).

To areas of potentially active hazardous production factors includes areas of the territory near a building (structure) under construction and floors (tiers) of a building and structure in one seizure, over which the installation (dismantling) of structures or equipment (installation zone) takes place. It is fenced with signal fences that meet GOST 23407-78. In this area, only assembly mechanisms can be placed, including the place limited by the fence of the crane runways. Materials cannot be stored here. The boundaries of this zone are drawn on the GST. For the passage of people into buildings, certain places are assigned, indicated on the GSS and equipped with awnings with an outreach of at least 2 m at an angle of 70 ... 75 ° to the wall.

Crane working area, or the area served by the crane - the area at any point of which the crane hook can lower. The boundary of this zone is defined as the envelope of the trajectory of the crane hook at the maximum working outreach. The border of this zone (for reference) is drawn on the GST.

The minimum distance of departure of the cargo (object) is taken according to table. 2.4.

Table 2.4

Minimum distance of departure of cargo when it falls, m

Possible fall height, m	When moving the load with a crane	When objects fall from a building

Hazardous area of ​​installation of structures it is indicated on the object GPS when the crane is tied vertically, when the approach different parts crane to the elements of the mounted object is the minimum allowable. The boundaries of hazardous zones in places over which cargo is moved by a crane, as well as near a building under construction, are determined by the horizontal projection on the ground of the trajectory of the largest outer dimension of the moved (falling) cargo (object), increased by the estimated distance of departure of the cargo (object).

So, for example, the border of the service area of ​​tower cranes is determined by the maximum outreach R p in the area between the outer crane stands on the crane rail track.

Rice. 2.5.

Where 1 - construction site fencing; 2 - border of the danger zone near the building under construction; 3 - border of the zone dangerous for finding people during movement, installation and fastening of elements and structures; 4 - border of the crane service area; 5 - tower crane; 6 - sanitary facilities.

During the construction of facilities using cranes, when transport or pedestrian routes, sanitary or industrial buildings and structures, other places of permanent residence of people on the territory of the construction site, it is necessary to provide solutions that prevent the conditions for the occurrence of hazardous zones there, including:

• - equipping jib cranes to prevent their collision with obstacles in cramped working conditions with coordinate protection systems;
• - device protective structures(shelters), ensuring the protection of people from the action of a hazardous factor;
• - limiting the swing speed of the crane boom towards the border working area to the minimum, when the distance from the transported cargo to the border of the zone is less than 7 m;
• - installation in areas near a building under construction (reconstructed) along the perimeter of the building of protective screens that have an equal or greater height compared to the height possible finding load moved by the crane.

The area of ​​operation of the crane should be limited so that the transported load does not go beyond the contours of the building at the locations of the protective screens. In the case of limiting the crane's coverage area by the outer dimensions of the building (wall), the protective screen must be designed taking into account the dynamic loads from the goods being moved by the cranes.

To reduce or eliminate the danger zone near buildings (structures) being reconstructed, overlooking city highways with heavy traffic, when it is not possible to fence off the dangerous zone for a long time, both from the reconstructed building and from the cargo moved by the crane, the following measures must be taken:

• - to install a continuous fence to be attached to the outer walls of the building being reconstructed or to inventory tubular scaffolding installed near the building being reconstructed;
• - take the height of the protective fence not less than 3 m from the top of the existing external walls;
• - install two protective decks on the scaffolding and fence off the outer side of the scaffolding with a woven mesh;
• - close all window and door openings with protective fences;
• - the maximum height of the movement of goods should be taken below the top of the protective fence by an amount of at least 0.5 m;
• - Along the scaffolding or building, make a protective visor for pedestrians;
• - when performing work in an area adjacent to an external wall with protective fence, it is necessary to lower the load over 7 m by 0.5 m above the ceiling or protruding structures and bring it to the installation site near the outer wall at a minimum speed, holding it with guy wires;
• - when the slinger is out of sight of the crane operator, radio communication must be organized between them;
• - installation or rearrangement of fences without scaffolding, to be carried out at night during the period of least traffic with the installation of signal fences on the carriageway outside the danger zone from the movement of goods and the necessary road signs in agreement with the traffic police.

To prevent the formation of a dangerous zone in cramped conditions outside the construction site or if there are premises on the construction site where people are or may be, or other obstacles, the crane service area is limited.

General information

PROVIDING SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS

Self-defense by workers labor rights

For the purpose of self-defense of labor rights, an employee, having notified the employer or his immediate supervisor or another representative of the employer in writing, may refuse to perform work not provided for labor contract... An employee may also refuse to perform work that directly threatens his life and health, except in cases provided for Labor Code RF and other federal laws... At the time of refusal from the specified work, the employee retains all the rights provided for labor legislation and other acts containing labor law norms.

The employer, representatives of the employer have no right to prevent employees from exercising self-protection of labor rights.

Modern agro-industrial production is characterized by a large share of mobile processes, the dispersion of jobs in agriculture, and the frequent change of types of work and means of labor. Violation of safety requirements in such conditions creates dangerous situations leading to accidents.

Safety- the state of working conditions, in which the impact on the working of hazardous and harmful production factors is excluded.

The occurrence of certain hazardous production factors depends on the nature technological process, equipment design, level of work organization, etc.

By the nature of the manifestation, hazardous production factors can be divided into explicit and hidden ... A clear hazard is characterized by the presence of clear external signs: for example, a moving part of the machine, a flame, a raised and suspended load. Latent danger is associated with the presence in machines, mechanisms, fixtures, tools, open defects or deficiencies that are realized when certain conditions into dangerous and emergency situations. Latent danger They also create clutter and clutter in the working area, the use of tools and devices for other purposes, broken electrical wires, erroneous and incorrect actions of personnel, etc.

Prophylaxis industrial injuries is achieved in various ways, the most important of which is the creation of safe equipment at the design stage and the development of organizational and technical measures during its operation.

Injury to a worker can occur not only in direct contact with the source of danger, but also at a certain distance from it, with inadmissible approach. A space in which constantly acts or periodically arises production factor, dangerous to human life and health, is called dangerous area .

A hazardous area can appear around moving, rotating elements, near loads moved by material handling machines (Figure 3.1). The presence of a hazardous area may be associated with a risk of injury electric shock, with the possibility of injury by flying particles of the workpiece from the gripping devices. Dimensions of hazardous areas can be permanent (Figure 3.1 a) and variables in space (Figure 3.1 b). The possibility of injury in permanent hazardous areas depends on the speed of rotation (movement) of the working body, its geometric dimensions, processing time protective devices, and in variables - the size, speed and direction of movement of the object, its maximum displacements, allowed connections and the response time of the braking devices. When choosing protective equipment, the most important point is the establishment of the dimensions (boundaries) of the hazardous area.

Figure 3.1 - Dangerous areas in: 1 - gear transmission; 2 - belt drive (chain); 3 - cardan transmission; 4 - rotating rollers; 5 - emery machine; 6 - circular saw; 7 - a tractor with a stacker; eight - lifting mechanism; 9 - cutting device; a) dangerous zones are constant in space; b) - hazardous zones are variable in space

For example, the distance of the possible departure of the cargo when one of the slings breaks is determined by the following formula (Figure 3.2):

where h is the height of the load lifting, m; c - the length of the sling branch, m; a is the distance from the center of gravity of the cargo to its edge, m; j - the angle between the lines and the vertical, deg.

Figure 3.2 - Scheme for determining the boundaries of the dangerous zone in the event of a load break

For jib cranes, the size of the danger zone depends on the reach of the jib.