Operation of fire trucks at low temperatures. Fighting fires in unfavorable climatic conditions. At low temperatures. Preparation of fire trucks for operation in summer winter seasons
DEVICE AND MAINTENANCE
VEHICLE"
Topic number 9. Types and frequency of maintenance
Lesson number 9.2. Operation of military vehicles in difficult conditions
for the training of specialists in VUS-837 "drivers Vehicle category "C"
Neftekamsk 2012
Topic number 9. Types and frequency of maintenance
(SLIDE # 1)
Lesson number 9.2. Operation of military vehicles in complex
Conditions
Study Questions (SLIDE # 2)
- Operation of automotive equipment at low temperatures.
- Operation of motor vehicles in mountainous and sandy-desert regions.
- Means for increasing the cross-country ability of automobile equipment.
Time: 2 hours.
Location: audience.
Lesson type: lecture.
Methodical instructions.
To justify to the students the importance of the educational question under consideration. The main provisions should be given under the note in the synopsis.
Provide specific examples from vehicle operating experience.
Pay attention to the correctness of the abstracts.
Present teaching material using Microsoft PowerPoint frames, diagrams and posters.
Keep in touch with your audience.
Control the quality of mastering the educational material by conducting a short survey based on the material presented.
Summarize the considered issue and proceed to the presentation of the next educational question.
Draw conclusions on the lesson material, summarize the lesson, answer the trainees' questions. Give an assignment for independent work.
Introduction
Military vehicles are used in a wide variety of often difficult road and climatic conditions. The operating conditions of machines in areas with extremely low air temperatures, in desert-sandy areas with a hot climate, in mountainous areas, as well as in muddy and off-road areas are considered special. Subsequently, the combat readiness of the entrusted equipment will be fully determined by the correct and competent operation, the timeliness and quality of maintenance and repairs, the ability and skills of the drivers.
Academic question number 1.
Operation of automotive equipment at low temperatures
Winter period of operation is called a period when the ambient temperature is set below 5 ° C. (SLIDE # 4)
The operation of machines in winter conditions is difficult due to low air temperatures, the presence of snow cover, strong winds and blizzards, as well as a reduction in daylight hours. (SLIDES 5-7)
Low ambient temperature makes it difficult to start the engine, has a negative effect on the operation of all its systems and maintaining normal thermal conditions. Due to low ambient temperatures, the volatility of gasoline significantly deteriorates and the air density increases, which leads to a significant depletion of the combustible mixture and its poor ignition when starting carburetor engines. In diesel engines, due to an increase in the viscosity of the fuel and a decrease in the temperature of the air charge in the cylinders, the conditions for mixture formation are violated and the self-ignition of diesel fuel deteriorates.
Overcooling of the engine during its operation leads to deterioration of mixture formation and increased condensation of fuel, as a result of which its consumption increases and engine power decreases. Fuel condensate washes the oil film from the cylinder walls and dilutes the oil in the crankcase, which leads to a sharp increase in wear of engine parts and a reduction in its service life. Parts are especially worn out when starting cold engines.
An increase in the viscosity of the oil at low air temperatures causes a sharp increase in the resistance to rotation of the crankshaft, which makes it difficult to achieve the crankshaft speed required to start the engine.
A low ambient temperature leads to an increase in the viscosity of the electrolyte of batteries, a decrease in their capacity and contributes to the rapid discharge of the batteries when using the starter.
The cooling system requires special attention in winter. This is due to the danger of defrosting the cylinder block and radiator when using water as a coolant.
A decrease in the ambient air temperature contributes to an increase in the viscosity of the transmission oil, which leads to a significant increase in friction losses in the units and mechanisms of the transmission and the chassis of the machines.
Under the influence of low temperatures, parts made of rubber lose their elastic properties, and cracks form on their surface.
The presence of a snow cover impairs the passability and makes it difficult to drive cars on snow-covered roads and off roads. During snowfalls and blizzards, visibility is reduced and orientation on the terrain becomes difficult.
Due to low air temperatures and a reduction in daylight hours, the working conditions of drivers and personnel busy with work on the maintenance of machines.
Features of vehicle operation in winter.(SLIDE # 8)
Maintenance of cars in the winter period also has a number of features. Cars must be refueled with a closed jet and always through the fuel filters installed in the tanks. Fuel tanks of cars (especially diesel ones) must be filled completely in order to avoid frost formation on their walls.
Maintenance must be performed immediately upon arrival of the machines in the park, while the units, assembly units and lubrication have cooled down.
Before parking cars, drain sludge from fuel filters and sedimentation tanks, and remove condensate from air receivers.
When storing machines in unheated rooms, under sheds or in open areas, be sure to drain the water from the cooling system. When draining the water, the driver must periodically clean the drain taps with a wire and monitor the amount of water flowing out. At the end of draining, it is necessary to turn the engine crankshaft by 10-15 revolutions to remove the remaining water from the system, and leave the taps open. A sign “Empty water” is posted near the machine.
At temperatures below minus 15 ° C, the batteries are removed from the cars, delivered to the storage room, and a sign "Batteries removed" is posted near the machine.
Cars installed in parking lots must not be braked by the parking brake system in order to prevent the pads from freezing to the disc (drum) in the event of water (snow) getting into the brake system. The service brake system must also be released.
Reliable operation of machines in winter is ensured by carrying out activities in parts, including special training personnel, vehicles, as well as premises and equipment of the park for storage, maintenance and repair of vehicles in the coming period of operation. For the training of personnel, special classes are organized and conducted, in which the features of the winter operation of machines are studied, and at least two-thirds of the training time is devoted to practical exercises. Classes end with a test, its results are announced in the order according to which the persons who passed the test are allowed to operate the machines in winter.
Preparation of machines for operation in the winter consists in carrying out numbered maintenance. For vehicles of the transport and training groups, the next numbered maintenance is carried out No. 1 or 2, and for vehicles of the combat and combat groups - maintenance No. 2 (usually once every two years) or No. 1. In addition, additional the work stipulated by the instructions for the operation of these machines, to prepare them for operation in winter.
To ensure reliable starting of engines in the cold season, special means are used to eliminate the effect of low temperatures on the starting qualities of engines.
There are two ways to start motors: with and without preheating, or cold starting. More expedient is the first method, which provides reliable and fast starting of engines with the least wear of their parts at any low outside temperature.
Means for starting motors with preheating are subdivided into group and individual.
The group means that provide simultaneous heating of a large number of engines in stationary conditions include: heating with hot water, steam heating, air heating, electric heating, heating with infrared emitters.
In the field, to warm up engines using hot water movable water-oil heaters and water-oil tankers, as well as air heaters of the IP-40 and MP-Sever type are used.
Rice. 1. Air heaters of the IP-40 and MP-Sever type (SLIDE No. 8)
Rice. 2. Air heaters of the PZhD-30 type (SLIDE No. 8)
TO individual means include pre-heaters installed on engines. They are used both in the field and in stationary conditions.
The following types of liquid heaters are installed on army vehicles: PZhB (GAZ-66), P-100 (ZIL-131), PZhD-30 (Ural-4320, KamAZ-4310), PZhD-44 (KrAZ-255B), PZhD-600V (MAZ-543).
The features of these heaters include the presence of forced circulation of liquid between the heater and the engine cooling system during the period of its heating, as well as forced supply of fuel from the tank to the heater nozzle using pumping unit 7, consisting of a fan, fuel and liquid pumps driven by one electric motor ...
Preparing the heater for operation and pre-heating the engine are carried out in accordance with the recommendations set out in the manufacturer's operating instructions for the corresponding machine. In the absence of an individual heater on the machine or its failure, the engine can be warmed up with hot water before starting. With this method of warming up, reliable engine start-up, reduction of preparation time for start-up and hot water consumption are ensured by the use of thickened engine oil and other means of facilitating starting.
For prestarting carburetor engines filled with thickened engine oil, water heated to 75-85 ° C is required: at an ambient temperature of minus 35 ° C - two fillings, at temperatures below minus 35 ° C - at least three fillings.
The repaired fire engine undergoes diagnostics (if there is a diagnostic post) or tests: car - with a mileage of 2 - 5 km; unit - work up to 0.5 hour.
The fire engine after repair is received by the chief (deputy chief) and the senior driver (driver) of the unit, according to the act.
Arriving persons must have a power of attorney to collect the car and fuel coupons.
The delivery of the car (unit) from repair is carried out according to the act of delivery (issue) of the fire engine (unit). When replacing numbered units in the process of repair, their numbers are indicated in the act of delivery (issue) of cars, on the basis of which the State Traffic Inspectorate makes changes to the registration documents.
A corresponding entry is made on the carried out maintenance and repair of the vehicle in its form, which is certified by the signature of the head (deputy head) of the vehicle unit and the seal.
The vehicle division fills the issued vehicle with lubricants and special fluids according to the established standards.
The head of the vehicle department is responsible for the quality of the performed maintenance and repair work.
Before being put on combat duty, the vehicle must be run-in: after a major overhaul - with a mileage of 400 km and the operation of special units lasting up to 2 hours; after middle and maintenance(with replacement or overhaul of one of the main units) - 150 km mileage and the operation of a special unit up to 2 hours.
Preparation of PA for operation in cold and warm seasons
Preparation of fire fighting equipment for operation in the summer and winter periods is carried out by order of the head of the UGPS, OGPS. Summer and winter periods, depending on climatic zones, are determined by decisions of the authorities executive power subjects Russian Federation.
Before the onset of the summer and winter periods, classes are organized with drivers and personnel, in which they study: the peculiarities of service and maintenance of fire trucks; ways and means of increasing their cross-country ability; driving features; operating materials and rates of their consumption.
When preparing for operation in the winter, in addition, the following are studied:
the procedure for starting a cold engine at low temperatures;
means to facilitate starting a cold engine;
means for heating and maintaining the normal temperature of the engine in motion and in parking lots;
safety measures when warming up the engine and when handling toxic low-freezing coolants;
features of extinguishing fires at low temperatures.
The chiefs of transport vehicles, detachments and fire departments, senior drivers and the most trained drivers are involved in driver training.
When preparing firefighting equipment for operation in summer and winter seasons, all firefighting vehicles are subject to seasonal maintenance, taking into account the requirements set out in the operating instructions for the firefighting vehicle and its chassis and paragraph 2.5.34 of the Manual.
Safety requirements for the operation of fire fighting equipment
The technical condition of fire trucks must meet the requirements of the manufacturer's instructions. Accident-free and safe work provided by their timely and qualified service by drivers and minders who are responsible for the good condition of the vehicles assigned to them, special units and assemblies.
The doors of the driver's cab and the combat crew, as well as the doors of the compartments of the body of fire trucks should be equipped with automatically locking locks, securely held closed and fixed in open positions... Doors must be equipped with a device that gives a signal to the driver's cab instrument panel to open them. Doors that open upwards must be fixed at a height for easy and safe service.
Access to equipment, tools and control panels located in the compartments and platforms of fire trucks must be safe. The roofs and platforms of such vehicles must have a flooring with a surface that prevents slipping, and the height of the side railing at the roofs of the bodies is not less than 100 mm.
In order to constantly keep the ladders (car lifts) in good condition, by order of the head of the GPS unit, a person responsible is appointed to monitor safe operation car.
Inspection of fire trucks is carried out by the drivers assigned to them when taking up combat duty.
On ladders with elevators, the operability of the elevator car catchers is checked at least once a month. Inspection of load gripping devices should be carried out by a person responsible for their good condition in accordance with the temporary regulations for the maintenance of these units, the results of checking the elevator car catchers and inspection of auxiliary load gripping devices are drawn up in the prescribed manner.
The results of the technical inspection of ladders (car lifts) are recorded in the form of the fire truck by the person who performed the inspection.
During the initial survey, this record confirms that the ladder (car lift) is in good condition, and that it has been serviced.
Drivers who have undergone special training and received a certificate of the established form issued by the qualification commission of the UGPS (OGPS) are allowed to drive fire trucks and work with special units.
The general system of occupational safety measures during the repair of fire trucks must comply with the requirements set out in the Manual on the technical service.
The maintenance of fire fighting equipment is carried out in rooms or posts provided with natural and forced ventilation. In this case, the following requirements must be met:
All fastening and adjusting operations (TO-1 and TO-2) must be performed in the sequence indicated in the technological maps;
The sequence of performing the required amount of work should exclude the possibility of simultaneous work from above and below at one or another unit (unit) of the car;
After installing the fire truck on the inspection ditch, a sign "Do not start the engine - people work" is attached to the steering wheel. Before leaving or exiting a ditch, overpass, floor lift, make sure that there are no objects or people in the path of the vehicle. When installing the car at a service station, brake it with the parking brake, turn off the ignition, turn on the lowest gear in the gearbox, put at least two stops (shoes) under the wheels;
When lifting (hanging) one wheel (axle), an emphasis is placed next to the jack, and "shoes" are placed under the wheels of the other axle. Before starting service, a sign "Do not touch - people are working under the car" is posted on the lift control mechanism. It is forbidden to lift or hang the fire engine from the towing hooks.
In order to avoid its spontaneous hanging, height-adjustable stops - rods are substituted under the frame of the hydraulic lift.
When checking the oil level in the units, use only portable lamps for lighting. It is prohibited to use open fire for this purpose.
During maintenance, it is allowed to use only serviceable and suitable tools.
The climatic and geographical conditions of different regions, the time of year and day, the weather have a great influence on the combat readiness and maneuverability of machines, the reliability of their operation and the service life until the next repair. In order to make full use of the high combat and technical capabilities machines, it is necessary to properly prepare them for work in special conditions, strictly observe the established rules for operating equipment at high and low temperatures in the summer and winter periods and know the peculiarities of the operation of machines in difficult terrain and climate conditions.
The terms for preparing equipment for each period of operation are established by order for the military district. On the basis of this order, work is organized in the units to prepare personnel, vehicles, maintenance equipment and parks for the upcoming period of operation.
Summer and winter periods of machine operation are determined by the outside temperature. The transition to the winter period is carried out at an average daily temperature below + 5 ° С.
The peculiarities of the winter period of operation are: low ambient temperatures, the presence of snow cover and, in a number of areas, strong winds. The duration of winter in central Russia is 4–6 months. Average air temperatures in January reach –20 ° С, in the northeastern regions of Siberia the winter period is longer, and temperatures in January reach –20 ° to –40 ° С.
Severe frosts shackle water bodies, swamps, rivers. They become passable for tracked vehicles. However, in many areas the presence of snow limits the movement of vehicles. In the middle lane in open areas, the depth of snow reaches 0.8–1 meters, and in the forest - 1.5 meters, in the northeastern regions, it reaches 6–8 meters. The deep snow cover not only makes it difficult to move, but also hides obstacles. Naturally, in such conditions, in order not to get stuck, cars can only move on roads.
In some regions of the country, such as Transbaikalia, the Lower Volga region, there are often strong winds, the speed of which exceeds 10 m / s, and in the northeastern regions - 30 m / s. Low temperatures, the presence of snow, strong winds reduce the combat capabilities of the vehicles, since it is difficult to start the engine and keep it ready for immediate use; driving and observing the terrain becomes more difficult; the duration of the maintenance of the vehicles increases, as the working conditions of the crew and its efficiency deteriorate.
Many on own experience know that the lower the ambient temperature, the longer it takes to get the machines ready for use. First of all, it becomes difficult to start the engine. It happens by following reasons:
Fuel ignition worsens;
The resistance to rotation of the engine crankshaft increases;
It becomes difficult to create the required oil pressure in the friction units.
The deterioration of the ignition of diesel fuel is due to two reasons: the deterioration of the conditions for self-ignition of the fuel and an increase in the moment of resistance to cranking the crankshaft.
The fuel in the cylinders of a diesel engine ignites due to a significant increase in the temperature of the air in the cylinders when it is compressed. To ensure normal fuel ignition, the air temperature in the cylinders at the end of the compression stroke must be at least 415 ° C. In winter, cold air is sucked into the cylinders, the cranking speed decreases and the compression process proceeds more slowly, therefore more warmth is taken away by the cold walls of the cylinders, the air at the end of the compression stroke can no longer be heated to the required temperature.
The pumpability of the fuel, its atomization and evaporation in the compression chambers also deteriorate due to an increase in the viscosity of the fuel. All this also complicates the self-ignition of the working mixture and leads to the hard work of the engine, which manifests itself in the form of knocking.
Consequently, to ensure the engine start in winter, it is necessary to use a special winter diesel fuel DZ (and in some areas - arctic) and to ensure sufficient starting engine speed.
With a decrease in temperature, the viscosity of the oil increases tens and hundreds of times. For example, if the viscosity of MT-16p oil at 50 ° C is taken as 1, then at
0 ° С it increases by 40, and at –20 ° С - more than 500 times. As a result, the torque required to rotate the crankshaft and the movement of the pistons in the cylinders increase sharply.
Resistance to crankshaft rotation occurs also because, due to the difference in the values of the linear expansion coefficients of metals, the clearances in the bearings decrease and their shape is distorted.
If at a coolant temperature of 20 ° C to start the engine it is enough to crank the crankshaft at a speed of 140–150 rpm, then already at a temperature of 0 ° C this requires a speed of about 220 rpm, and since the moment of resistance of the engine to cranking due to the increase in the viscosity of cold oil under these conditions almost doubles, to provide the required starting speed from the starter will require significantly more power, which is achieved by increasing the current consumed by the starter. At positive temperatures, this current does not exceed 600 A, april -
15 ° C reaches 1,600 A .
Large discharge currents reduce the capacity given by the batteries, adversely affect the condition of the batteries and can cause destruction of the starter windings, melting, welding of the starter relay contacts and other malfunctions.
At low temperatures, the performance of batteries also decreases. So, when the electrolyte temperature drops by 1 ° C, the battery capacity decreases by 1%.
A drop in battery voltage causes a decrease in the torque developed by the starter, and a decrease in capacity during the starter mode reduces the possible number of crankshaft crankshaft even a warm engine (from 170 rotations at a positive electrolyte temperature to 40 at -20 ° C), and cranking by a starter of an unheated engine at - 14 ° C is generally impossible.
It must be remembered that in incompletely charged batteries, the voltage decreases much faster.
Discharged batteries can be completely damaged due to freezing of the electrolyte, leading to the destruction of cans and plates. Therefore, during winter operation, it is not allowed to discharge the batteries by more than 25%.
At low temperatures, the wear of the units and mechanisms of the tank increases. The engine wears out especially badly at start-up, the main reason for this is insufficient oil supply to the rubbing surfaces, since due to an increase in the viscosity of cold oil, the performance of the oil pump drops sharply. Therefore, a stepped mode of heating the engine at various speeds is set, at which a sufficient supply of lubricant to the rubbing parts is ensured. Every tanker must remember that each start of a cold (not heated) engine at an air temperature of 0 ° C corresponds to the amount of wear caused by it for about 3 hours of engine operation under load, and at lower temperatures, wear at start increases significantly. Therefore, it is strictly forbidden to start a cold engine at an air temperature of 5 ° C and below without preliminary warming up.
A reduction in drag torque due to an increase in oil viscosity is achieved with the use of low-viscosity oils (for example, oil
М-16 ИХП 3) and warming up the engine before starting with a pre-heater.
It is necessary to warm up the engine with a heater to such a temperature that sufficient oil supply to the crankshaft bearings is ensured. Normal warm-up is indicated by oil pressure before starting. If the oil supply is insufficient, the bearings will overheat and possibly melt. For an engine of type B-2 with an oil pump, it is necessary to create a pressure of at least 2 kgf / cm before starting.
It is also very important to maintain optimal thermal conditions of the engine operation at low temperatures. Operation at low thermal conditions (at a coolant temperature below 80–90 ° C) is accompanied by large wear of the cylinder liners and piston rings. The wear of these parts is explained as follows.
Diesel fuel contains 0.2% sulfur compounds. When burned, they form sulfur oxides. Sulfuric acid is formed from some of these oxides and water vapors that appear during fuel combustion. Moreover, it is formed the more, the lower the engine temperature. This acid intensifies cylinder liner corrosion.
Long engine running at reduced thermal regime less than 55 ° C can lead to resinification of engine parts and engine damage.
On the walls of the cylinders, especially in the area of the piston rings and valves, resinous, very viscous products are deposited; they appear as a result of decomposition and oxidation of unburned fuel and oil that penetrates into the combustion chambers. Resinning impairs the mobility of the piston rings in the piston grooves and causes a loss of compression; with strong resinification, the valves may hang in the guide bushings and even jam the pistons in the cylinders.
The characteristic signs of resinification are:
The presence of resinous substances in oil filters and outlet pipes;
Difficulty turning the crankshaft when starting;
Black color of exhaust gases;
Ejection of resinous substances from the outlet pipes.
In this case, it is impossible to stop the engine, but it is necessary to warm it up to a temperature of 90 ° C under load and only then stop it.
To prevent tarring, the engine must be warmed up before starting to a coolant temperature of at least 80 ° C, shorten the warm-up time by completing the warm-up in motion in lower gears, maintain an optimal thermal mode of operation, avoiding engine overcooling.
Hardening of lubricant in power train assemblies leads to increased wear of parts, especially gear teeth. This is due to the deterioration of lubrication conditions and a significant increase in the forces for turning the shafts, and, consequently, to an increase in the loads on the units and mechanisms. The effort required to move the tank from a place after a long stay in winter increases almost fourfold, since at a temperature of -30 ° C, up to 30% of the engine power is spent only on turning the shafts and gears of the power transmission units.
Due to freezing of the lubricant in the hubs of the track rollers and idler wheels, the lubrication of the bearings deteriorates; when driving on frozen ground, the force of impacts on the chassis parts increases. When stopping, especially during night frosts after daytime thaws, the tracks may freeze to the ground, which sharply increases the efforts required to start the tank from a place, and jerking off can lead to breakage of the tracks and even damage to the final drives.
10.2. The procedure for warming up and starting the engine
at low temperatures
At an ambient temperature of +5 ° C and below, when operating on gasoline + 20 ° C and below, the engine must be warmed up before starting.
WARMING UP Is a set of measures by which the engine is prepared for start-up.
To warm up the engine, you must:
Close the exit blinds, and put insulation mats on the entrance;
Start the heater;
At ambient temperatures down to –20 ° С, warm up the engine according to the standard thermometer to a coolant temperature of 80–115 ° С;
Not turning on the heater by pressing the MZN ENGINE button. create the maximum possible pressure in the engine lubrication system.
If the pressure is not lower than 2 kg / cm 2, turn off the heater and start starting the engine.
If there is no pressure, and the temperature has reached the maximum value of 110–115 ° С, it is necessary to turn off the fuel supply by the heater tap and, without turning off the MOTOR switch, pump coolant in the system until its temperature drops to 40–50 ° С, then bring the heater back on into action. Warm up the engine again to 110–115 ° С and again try to create a pressure in the lubrication system of at least 2 kg / cm 2.
If after 5-6 attempts to turn on the MZN-2 pressure is not generated, then it is necessary to turn the engine crankshaft with air, a starter-generator (3-5 sec.) Or in a combined way without fuel supply with the simultaneous turning on of the MZN-2. It is allowed to keep the oil priming pump switched on for no more than 1 minute. If there is no pressure, repeat the heating process.
The engine is considered warmed up and ready to start if the coolant temperature at the end of heating is not lower than 80 ° C, and when the MZN-2 button is turned on, a pressure of at least 2 kg / cm 2 is created in the lubrication system.
The engine is started as usual with compressed air or a starter-generator. However, at low temperatures (at –20 ° C and below) it is recommended to start the engine in a combined way.
This requires:
Press the MZN ENGINE button, create a pressure in the system of at least 2 kg / cm 2;
Press the STARTER button and turn on the switch for pumping oil out of the gearbox, hold it for at least two minutes with the engine running;
Set idle speed and fix them.
Run the engine in a combined way at temperatures above
20 ° С is allowed without turning on the switch. OIL DRAINING FROM KP.
Engine warm-up procedure
WARMING UP Are activities carried out after start-up to prepare the engine for operation in all modes.
Warm up the engine with the exit shutters closed, at idle speed, gradually changing from 800 rpm to 1500–1700 rpm until the oil temperature in the engine lubrication system reaches 30 ° C. After reaching this oil temperature, the machine is allowed to move in lower gears. Prolonged idling of the engine is not recommended unnecessarily.
The engine is considered warmed up and ready for normal operation in all gears at a coolant and oil temperature of at least 55 ° C.
Long-term operation of the engine (over 30 minutes) at a coolant temperature below 65 ° C leads to resinification of the engine piston group.
To speed up the heating in low temperatures, it is recommended to cover the mesh of the entrance blinds with an insulating mat.
Heated engine
HEATING- these are activities that allow you to keep the car in readiness for movement when it stops for a long time. Heating is carried out as follows:
Choose a horizontal platform for parking, if possible protected from the wind;
Install the car in accordance with the instructions for parking the car outside the insulated room;
When the knife temperature drops to +40 ° C, fold the tarpaulin at the starboard side, open the heater flap (exhaust gas outlet) and activate the heater;
Warm up the engine to a temperature of 80–90 ° C KNIFE, turn off the heater, close its hatch and close the board with a tarpaulin.
The heater should be put into operation periodically, every time when the knife temperature drops to +40 ° С.
If the system is filled with water, turn on the heater every 30 minutes, bringing the water temperature to 80–90 ° С.
Before starting the movement, remove the tarpaulin, put it in its original place, start the engine and warm it up.
10.3. Features of maintenance of BTT
v winter time
In winter conditions, the operation of the tank is difficult due to a decrease in temperature, the presence of snow cover, icing of the ground, snowfalls, blizzards.
The working conditions of all units and mechanisms deteriorate, they wear out faster, especially engines, fuel consumption increases, the capacity given by the batteries decreases, the working conditions of the crew become more complicated, and the time for preparing vehicles for movement increases. Deep snow cover impairs vehicle passability and can overload the engine and power train components.
During the winter period, when operating the machines, observe the following rules:
strictly follow the established procedure for warming up, starting, warming up and heating the engine;
start moving smoothly, without jerking, so as not to damage the power transmission units; after starting off, move in first gear to warm up the power train units;
after driving on loose snow or in a blizzard, if necessary, clean the air cleaners from snow (water) accumulated in them;
when servicing machines, the oil (grease) in the units and assemblies, if necessary, replace or replenish immediately after returning the machines to the park, while the units and assemblies and the oil (grease) contained in them have not cooled down;
if the engine cooling system is filled with water and during breaks in operation it is drained, then after draining the water through the system, pour low-freezing coolant, after which the drain valves (taps) should be left open for the entire time the machine is parked;
to maintain operability and prevent defrosting, the batteries installed on the machine should be insulated with protective covers, and the batteries should not be discharged more than 25% of their capacity; at air temperatures below –15 ° С, remove batteries from cars and store them in heated rooms, unless special instructions provide for their storage directly in cars.
In extremely low temperatures, batteries must be removed and stored warm and not allowed to discharge over 25% of their capacity.
In winter, the machines must be serviced immediately after their operation, while the units, mechanisms, assemblies and lubricants in them are warmed up.
When refueling with fuel and oil, make sure that snow does not get into the systems, which can lead to the formation of ice plugs in the pipelines and to malfunctions of the lubrication systems and engine fuel supply.
The tank must not be parked in a place where the tracks can freeze to the ground, prevent snow and water from getting inside the tank, as this can lead to freezing of the rods and brake bands.
Lubrication equipment must be prepared for work in advance, it is desirable to store it in a warm room, and the maintenance vehicle must be heated well before servicing the tanks.
With large losses of antifreeze in the cooling system, it is necessary to check its density, refuel the cooling system to normal.
If the cooling system is filled with water, it is necessary to monitor the timely drainage of water after operation and strictly observe the rules for warming up the engine when filling with water.
10.4. Scope of work for the training of personnel
and armored vehicles for operation in winter conditions,
paperwork
The use of vehicles without accidents and breakdowns, the quality of their maintenance depends on the level of knowledge and practical skills of crews and officials of various categories. To expand their knowledge and consolidate practical skills in the unit, they conduct training sessions during the preparation of machines for operation in winter conditions. Immediately before carrying out work on the machines to transfer them to winter operation, first training sessions with officers and warrant officers are held for 2-3 days, and then after their completion - two-day training sessions with vehicle crews.
As a rule, training with officers is carried out in two stages.
The first stage: training of leaders who conduct classes with vehicle crews (from among the ZKV battalions).
Second stage: conducted with all officers and warrant officers of the unit for
3-5 days before the start of work on the machines to transfer them to winter operation.
During this stage, the features of the operation of machines in winter are studied, the scope of work on the machines and the duties of officials to ensure the trouble-free operation of armored vehicles are being clarified. The results of the operation of machines in the winter period are analyzed, the readiness of the leaders of the classes is checked.
At the end of the training camp with officers and warrant officers, a two-day training camp with personnel is organized. During these fees, the following issues should be worked out:
Features of the operation of machines in winter conditions;
Physicochemical properties of fuels and lubricants used on machines;
Scope of work and procedure for seasonal maintenance;
Safety measures when performing work on the transfer to the winter operation mode;
Rules for turning on the heater, the procedure for warming up the engine and keeping it on heating, measures fire safety during the operation of the heater.
During the training sessions, the crews practice each maintenance operation, showing the head of the lesson the correct methods of work and the use of tools.
In the final part of the training camps, the crews are taken into account according to the rules for the operation of vehicles and safety measures with a signature in the lists.
On the performance of maintenance operations when preparing machines for winter operation, notes are made in the corresponding sections of the machine's form.
When preparing machines for winter operation, the following documents are being developed in part:
Order on the preparation of personnel, armored vehicles, parks for winter operation;
An action plan for training personnel, armored vehicles, parks for winter operation;
Schedule of training sessions for officers and crews;
Schedule for monitoring the implementation of the main activities for the transfer of machines to seasonal operation;
The plan for the inspection of the armored vehicle unit (after the completion of the work);
Order on the basis of the results of training personnel, armored vehicles, for winter operation.
Battalions and companies also draw up action plans for preparing the materiel for operation in the winter, with a detailed indication of the amount of work performed in time. In addition, plans are being drawn up to relocate specialized posts and teams.
A tank (motorized rifle) company consists of:
Schedule of work execution by car;
Plan-task for the crew for every day;
Lists of personnel with their signatures to familiarize themselves with the rules for handling fuels and lubricants.
The scope of work to prepare machines for seasonal operation is determined Technical description and operating instructions. Preparation of vehicles for seasonal operation is carried out by crews under the guidance of unit commanders. To assist the crews, specialists from the repair company and the ORVB of the compound are involved. At the same time, posts and teams are created to perform the most complex work.
The readiness of machines for seasonal operation is checked by everyone officials units and subunits on inspections, which are organized and conducted by the unit commander in accordance with the UVS at least twice a year.
When preparing the tank for operation in winter conditions, it is necessary to carry out the next maintenance No. 1 or No. 2 and additionally:
Replace the summer fuel in the tanks with winter fuel, and in especially cold regions with the arctic one, start the engine and run for 10-15 minutes. to generate summer fuel from the system;
Drain sediment from internal fuel tanks;
Drain and refill the KNIFE brand 40 or 65 cooling system;
Set the WATER-ANTIFREEZE switch to the "ANTIFREEZE" position;
Install a winter air supply line for the engine;
Service the air cleaner;
Check the operation of the air cleaner limit resistance indicator;
Drain water from tanks of hydropneumatic cleaning systems (HPO);
Check the performance of the pre-heater by starting and operating for 2–3 minutes;
Check the serviceability and operation of the fighting compartment heater;
Check the completeness of pumping oil from the onboard gearbox and guitar;
Check the operation of the absorber filter;
Drain condensate from the air system sump;
Check the condition of the tarpaulin and insulation mat, repair if necessary.
Preparation of PA for operation in cold and warm seasons
Preparation of fire fighting equipment for operation in the summer and winter periods is carried out by order of the head of the UGPS, OGPS. Summer and winter periods, depending on climatic zones, are determined by decisions of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Before the onset of the summer and winter periods, classes are organized with drivers and personnel, in which they study: the peculiarities of service and maintenance of fire trucks; ways and means of increasing their cross-country ability; driving features; operating materials and rates of their consumption.
When preparing for operation in the winter, in addition, the following are studied:
the procedure for starting a cold engine at low temperatures;
means to facilitate starting a cold engine;
means for heating and maintaining the normal temperature of the engine in motion and in parking lots;
safety measures when warming up the engine and when handling toxic low-freezing coolants;
features of extinguishing fires at low temperatures.
When preparing firefighting equipment for operation in summer and winter seasons, all firefighting vehicles are subject to seasonal maintenance, taking into account the requirements set out in the operating instructions for the firefighting vehicle and its chassis and paragraph 2.5.34 of the Manual.
Safety requirements for the operation of fire fighting equipment
The technical condition of fire trucks must meet the requirements of the manufacturer's instructions. Trouble-free and safe work is ensured by their timely and qualified maintenance by drivers and mechanics who are responsible for the good condition of the vehicles assigned to them, special units and assemblies.
The doors of the driver's cab and the combat crew, as well as the doors of the compartments of the body of fire trucks, must be equipped with automatically locking locks, securely held closed and fixed in open positions. Doors must be equipped with a device that gives a signal to the driver's cab instrument panel to open them. Doors that open upwards must be fixed at a height for easy and safe service.
Access to equipment, tools and control panels located in the compartments and platforms of fire trucks must be safe. The roofs and platforms of such vehicles must have a flooring with a surface that prevents slipping, and the height of the side railing at the roofs of the bodies is not less than 100 mm.
In order to constantly keep the ladders (car lifts) in good condition, by order of the head of the GPS unit, a person responsible is appointed to monitor the safe operation of the car.
Inspection of fire trucks is carried out by the drivers assigned to them when taking up combat duty.
On ladders with elevators, the operability of the elevator car catchers is checked at least once a month. Inspection of load gripping devices should be carried out by a person responsible for their good condition in accordance with the temporary regulations for the maintenance of these units, the results of checking the elevator car catchers and inspection of auxiliary load gripping devices are drawn up in the prescribed manner.
The results of the technical inspection of ladders (car lifts) are recorded in the form of the fire truck by the person who performed the inspection.
During the initial survey, this record confirms that the ladder (car lift) is in good condition, and that it has been serviced.
Drivers who have undergone special training and received a certificate of the established form issued by the qualification commission of the UGPS (OGPS) are allowed to drive fire trucks and work with special units.
To work on motor pumps are allowed persons who have undergone training for fire motor pump mechanics and have received a certificate of the established form.
Electronic protection of a fire engine power plant gas and smoke protection service(AGDZ) must ensure instant disconnection (no more than 0.05 s) of the power supply in cases of breakdown of the insulation of the power tool or a decrease in its resistance.
In the event of a malfunction of the generator of the power plant or the appearance of signs indicating its failure, the switchboard of the car is connected to the external power grid. The distance from the connection point to the car should not exceed 50 m. The parameters of the pantographs must correspond to the parameters of the electrical network: voltage - 220-230 V, current frequency - 50 Hz.
Responsibility for timely and high-quality technical maintenance (MOT) and testing of fire trucks, fire fighting vehicles, equipment and gear rests with the heads of the GPS units, who are obliged to ensure that MOT and tests are carried out in accordance with technical specifications(TU), GOST, as well as the Manual on the technical service of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (hereinafter - the Manual on the Technical Service, Appendix 1, doc. 11).
During maintenance of fire trucks in a fire, the driver must:
Install the fire engine at a distance safe from the effects of fire ( thermal radiation) and no closer than 1.5 - 2.5 m from the rear axle to the water source;
Avoid sharp bends on the suction hoses, while the suction mesh must be completely immersed in water and be below the water level (not lower than 200 mm);
When the pump is running, lubricate its bearings and oil seals every hour (by turning the caps of the cap grease fittings by 2-3 turns with the taps open);
Check if water is leaking through the pump connections and seals, flow valves, as well as from the engine cooling system (main and additional), as well as oil from the gearbox and power take-off engine and fluid from the units and systems of hydraulic drives;
Make sure that the water temperature in the engine cooling system is 80-95 ° C, as well as the oil pressure in the engine. At an average speed of the latter, the pressure should be at least 2.0 kg / cm 2;
Rinse all internal cavities of the pump and passageways of the foam mixer with clean water in case of foam supply;
Open the taps and drain water from the working cavity of the pump, then close the taps.
MOT upon returning from the fire (exercise) is carried out by the driver assigned to the car and by the guard personnel under the guidance of the senior driver at the maintenance post of the GPS unit.
With the onset of cold weather, keep the discharge pipes and drain valves of the pump open, closing them only when the pump is running and checking it for a "dry" vacuum.
The general system of occupational safety measures during the repair of fire trucks must comply with the requirements set out in the Manual on the technical service.
The maintenance of fire fighting equipment is carried out in rooms or posts provided with natural and forced ventilation. In this case, the following requirements must be met:
All fastening and adjusting operations (TO-1 and TO-2) must be performed in the sequence indicated in the technological maps;
The sequence of performing the required amount of work should exclude the possibility of simultaneous work from above and below at one or another unit (unit) of the car;
After installing the fire truck on the inspection ditch, a sign "Do not start the engine - people work" is attached to the steering wheel. Before leaving or exiting a ditch, overpass, floor lift, make sure that there are no objects or people in the path of the vehicle. When installing the car at a service station, brake it with the parking brake, turn off the ignition, turn on the lowest gear in the gearbox, put at least two stops (shoes) under the wheels;
When lifting (hanging) one wheel (axle), an emphasis is placed next to the jack, and "shoes" are placed under the wheels of the other axle. Before starting service, a sign "Do not touch - people are working under the car" is posted on the lift control mechanism. It is forbidden to lift or hang the fire engine from the towing hooks.
In order to avoid its spontaneous hanging, height-adjustable stops - rods are substituted under the frame of the hydraulic lift.
When checking the oil level in the units, use only portable lamps for lighting. It is prohibited to use open fire for this purpose.
During maintenance, it is allowed to use only serviceable and suitable tools.
When carrying out maintenance, it is prohibited:
Increase the keys with other keys or tubes, use gaskets between the jaws of the key and the edges of bolts and nuts, hit the key when unscrewing or tightening;
Use levers or extensions to increase the shoulder of wrenches;
Knock out discs with a sledgehammer, dismantle a wheel by hitting it with cars, etc.;
Maintenance of the transmission with the engine running;
Work on machines and equipment without grounding them;
Use a power tool with faulty insulation of live parts or if they do not have a grounding device;
Carry out any work on a fire engine suspended only on one lifting mechanism (jacks, hoists, etc.);
Place wheel disks, bricks, stones and other foreign objects under a suspended fire engine;
Carry out work without special stops (goats), protecting against spontaneous lowering of the fire engine or its individual parts, during work requiring the raising of the fire engine using jacks, hoists and other lifting mechanisms;
Carry out maintenance on the fire truck with the engine running, except when checking the engine and brake adjustments.
For fastening operations, you should use mainly box or socket wrenches, and in hard-to-reach places with a limited angle of rotation, it is advisable to use ratchet wrenches (ratchet mechanism). Do not rotate the keys in a circular manner, as they may break off.
Carry out tire fitting only with a special puller in a place designated for this. Inflation of a mounted tire is allowed in a special fencing or with the use of other devices that prevent the locking ring from jumping out and tire ruptures, which can cause injury to the manufacturer.
When working on turning the crankshaft and propeller shafts, it is necessary to additionally check that the ignition is turned off, and set the gear lever to neutral, release the parking brake lever, and after completing them, apply the parking brake and re-engage the lower gear.
At the aggregate-mechanical section, to perform assembly and dismantling works during the repair of units, stands are used that correspond to their purpose. The housings of electric motors, machine tools and equipment, as well as control panels, are reliably grounded.
Blow torches, electric and pneumatic tools are issued only to employees (workers) who have been instructed and knowing the rules handling him.
When removing and installing the springs, you must first unload them by raising the frame and installing it on the trestle. Hoists and jacks are tested by employees (workers), to whom they are attached, once every 6 months with a static load that is 10% more than the maximum permissible according to the passport for 10 minutes with the load in the upper extreme position. For hydraulic jacks, the fluid pressure drop by the end of the test should not be more than 5%. All test results are recorded in the PTV test log.
Fire truck traffic safety
Classification of incidents with fire trucks, causes and
measures to prevent them.
Accidents with fire trucks include cases of road traffic accidents and their refusals in work that arose during the performance of operational tasks.
The refusal of a fire engine is a violation of its performance, leading to the termination of the performance of operational and service tasks.
The main types of accidents with fire trucks are: collisions, overturning, collisions with pedestrians.
The reasons for these accidents are:
violation of the rules for crossing intersections;
wrong choice of speed of movement, failure to take or untimely taking measures to reduce speed or stop;
violation of overtaking rules;
The main measures for the prevention of road accidents are:
maintaining proper discipline, organization and high responsibility of all personnel for the assigned equipment in the subunits;
ensuring strict compliance with the Rules road traffic and recommendations for driving cars in special conditions;
study by drivers of routes and location of water sources in the area of departure of the unit;
instructing drivers and squad leaders before taking over duty and completing assignments;
thorough investigation of the causes and the adoption of specific measures for each accident with fire trucks, identification and elimination of the causes contributing to the incidents;
timely and high-quality car maintenance;
compliance with the established procedure for admitting drivers to drive fire trucks;
removal from driving of cars of undisciplined and unprepared drivers, as well as those who are not medically appropriate.
holding technical conferences discussing best practices, maintenance, trouble-free operation and rewarding personnel for the success achieved in operating fire trucks without incidents;
systematic generalization and implementation of positive experience in operating fire trucks;
regular classes with drivers to study the rules of the road, the material part of cars and improve the practical skills of driving fire trucks in difficult road conditions, as well as work with special units.
The absence of road accidents, breakdowns and malfunctions in the units during the combat operation of vehicles does not exclude the need for constant work to prevent them.
Service check of incidents with fire trucks
The service check is carried out in accordance with the procedure for investigating an accident with the participation of motor vehicles of the internal affairs bodies in accordance with the order of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs dated 07.07.89, No. 125.
An official check of road accidents is carried out for each accident, which arose with the participation of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
During the official check of an accident with injuries of people, representatives of the UGPS, OGPS, heads (deputy heads) of divisions should be involved.
Accounting and reporting of road accidents in GPS
All road traffic accidents, regardless of the place of occurrence, their consequences and the fault of the drivers, as well as breakdowns and failures in the work of fire trucks must be taken into account in accordance with the Rules for accounting for road accidents.
Traffic accidents are recorded: in the UGPS, OGPS - in the accident log and the measures taken to prevent them; in subdivisions - in the form of a fire engine.
The data on road traffic accidents, entered in the log book, are checked at least once a month with the data of the State Traffic Inspectorate.
Heads of departments are obliged to send a report to UGPS, OGPS about all accidents, breakdowns and failures of fire fighting equipment.
UGPS, OGPS draw up an annual report on accidents with standard vehicles of GPS and together with an explanatory note (on the facts of injuries) submit it to the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia by January 15 following the reporting year.
Traffic safety cabinets
Traffic safety cabinets are equipped in specially designated premises in the State Border Guard Service units.
The tasks of traffic safety cabinets are:
study, generalization, active propaganda and implementation into practice of the latest achievements of science, technology and advanced experience in ensuring the safety of the movement of firefighters, operational service cars and trucks;
improvement of professional knowledge and skills of drivers;
familiarization of the commanding staff, drivers and repair workers with the requirements of regulatory enactments related to the safety of vehicle traffic.
Purchase (manufacture) of equipment, devices, visual aids, special literature and other property for traffic safety cabinets is produced centrally through the OUMTiVS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and decentralized (independently) by divisions.
Visual aids, exhibits, technical means and other equipment of the traffic safety cabinet are systematized according to the following sections:
analysis of road traffic accidents;
organization of training and legal education drivers;
discipline of drivers;
technical condition vehicles: components and assemblies affecting traffic safety;
promotion and exchange of experience of the best drivers.
2.11. Preparation of equipment for operation in the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods
2.11.1. Preparation of equipment for operation in the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods is carried out by order of the head of the territorial body of the EMERCOM of Russia. Autumn-winter and spring-summer periods, depending on climatic zones, are determined by decisions of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2.11.2. Before the onset of the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods, classes are organized with drivers and personnel, in which they study:
features of service and maintenance of equipment;
ways and means of increasing their cross-country ability;
driving features;
operating materials and rates of their consumption.
When preparing for operation in the autumn-winter period, in addition, the following are studied:
the procedure for starting a cold engine at low temperatures;
means to facilitate starting a cold engine;
features of the operation of special units of PT and equipment at low temperatures;
means for heating and maintaining the normal temperature of the engine in motion and in parking lots;
safety measures when warming up the engine and when handling toxic low-freezing coolants;
features of extinguishing fires at low temperatures.
2.11.3. Employees of the department (department) of weapons and equipment of the UMTO, chiefs of non-standard vehicles of garrisons, heads of units of the vehicle, senior drivers can be involved in classes with drivers.
2.11.4. When preparing equipment for operation in the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods, seasonal maintenance is carried out for all vehicles, taking into account the requirements set forth in the manuals (instructions) for operating the equipment and the Manual.
2.12. Safety requirements for the operation of fire fighting equipment
2.12.1. Organization of work to ensure labor protection, protection environment, industrial sanitation and fire safety during the operation of the PT should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Labor Protection Rules in the subdivisions of the State fire service EMERCOM of the Russian Federation and other applicable regulations.
2.12.2. Responsibility for compliance with the requirements of safety, labor and environmental protection, fire safety during the operation of PA and other fire fighting equipment rests with the heads of fire departments.
2.12.3. Maintenance and repair of equipment must be carried out in rooms and places (posts) specially designed for these purposes, using equipment and tools that are in good working order and appropriate for their purpose.
2.12.4. To work on maintenance and repairs, persons are allowed who have undergone instructions on protection there and safety measures and training in safe techniques and methods of work.
2.12.5. The safety rules for the operation of PTV and other fire-fighting equipment, as well as the fire safety requirements for this equipment are set out in the relevant regulatory documents of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.
3. PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
DEPARTMENTS OF TECHNICAL SERVICE
3.1. Subdivisions of the TS (PTTs, detachments, units, individual posts of the TS) are specialized operational and technical divisions of the FPS EMERCOM of Russia, ensuring the technical readiness of equipment, communications, operational and service and special transport, as well as production and economic activities of the Main Directorate of EMERCOM of Russia and subordinate divisions ...
3.2. Subdivisions of the vehicle are created depending on the number of units of fire fighting equipment and communications equipment in service with the subdivisions territorial bodies Russian Emergency Situations Ministry.
3.3. The structure and staffing of the vehicle units is approved by the order of the head of the Main Directorate of the EMERCOM of Russia, taking into account the standard structure, standard staffing table and the staffing standard established by the Government of the Russian Federation and the EMERCOM of Russia.
3.4. The structure of the TS subdivisions includes, as a rule, the following structural subdivisions (fire brigades): repair and auxiliary, transport and economic, for the repair of communications equipment, special equipment, etc., as well as separate posts: hose base, support base, etc.
3.5. The main tasks of the vehicle units are:
carrying out maintenance, repairs (current, medium and capital) of PA (PM) and units, testing of PT, equipment and communication facilities of the subdivisions;
development and implementation of proposals to improve the reliability and improve the operation of equipment;
security structural units GU EMERCOM of Russia and subordinate units by service vehicles, fire and rescue equipment, equipment, communications, clothing, inventory and consumables (supplied by centralized supply);
development, manufacture and re-equipment certain types fire and other machinery, equipment, communications;
carrying out measures for the material and technical support of works during liquidation major fires, emergencies, accidents and natural Disasters according to established order.
3.6. The production activities of the vehicle units are carried out in accordance with the production program for a month (Appendix 33), developed by the PTZ, by a detachment (part), a separate vehicle post on the basis of the annual task plan (Appendix 34), taking into account the labor intensity standards for maintenance (repair) of equipment and production the capabilities of the repair department.
3.7. The annual task plan is developed by the department (department) of weapons and equipment of the UMTO (together with the TS subdivision) on the basis of the annual schedule of TO-2, planned repairs and work on the manufacture of certain types of AT, assemblies, assemblies, equipment, agreed with the management of the UMTO and annually until December 5, approved by the head of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia.
The task plan, in addition to the main maintenance and repair of the PT, provides for a reserve of time for unforeseen work, in the amount of no more than 20% of the total labor intensity.
The initial data for the development of the annual assignment plan are:
availability of equipment and total mileage (operating time) PA (PM) and units over the past year and since the beginning of operation, as well as the planned need for transport and technical support operational and service and economic activity subdivisions taking into account the operational situation;
mileage (operating time) up to overhaul PA (PM) and units;
rates of frequency and number of services TO-2 PA (PM);
labor intensity standards for maintenance and repair, diagnostics and other types of work;
the annual fund of the working time of the production unit.
3.8. All types of work performed by the vehicle department are recorded in the order book. The order book form is given in Appendix 35.
3.9. To improve the activities of the production units of the vehicle, improve the quality of maintenance and repair of equipment, reduce labor intensity and cost of work, extend overhaul and amortization periods the operation of equipment, measures are planned to improve the efficiency of management production processes, equipping the production and technical base with modern means and equipment, the development of inventive and rationalization work.
3.10. For maintenance and repairs, the manufacture of individual samples of fire fighting equipment (units, assemblies) in the repair and auxiliary parts of the technical service, production sites (posts) are created.
An approximate list of production sites (posts) in the PTTs, a detachment (unit) of the technical service is indicated in Appendix 36.
3.11. At the PA (PM), the unit arriving for maintenance and repair, an act of delivery (issuance) and a defect list are drawn up, on the basis of which the necessary materials and spare parts are written out, and a work order is issued for the workers (Appendix 37) and a work order for Maintenance (repair) of equipment (Appendix 38).
3.12. Maintenance and repair of fire hoses at a separate post should be carried out in accordance with the requirements set forth in the NTD for the hoses, and methodological guidelines for the organization and operation of fire hoses.
3.13. Maintenance (repair) of PT and equipment in remote operational units that do not have conditions for maintenance and repairs on the spot is recommended to be carried out using the specialized mobile equipment available and on the staff of the vehicle unit: auto repair shop (PARM), maintenance vehicles road transport(MTO-AT), an automobile mobile repair engineering workshop (APRIM).
Departure of specialized equipment for maintenance and repair in daytime carried out on the basis of the approved annual schedule for maintenance (repair), or on the basis of the application of the head of the department.
The procedure for emergency departure of specialized equipment, as well as departure at night, weekends and holidays is determined by the instructions developed by the department (department) of weapons and equipment of the UMTO and approved by the head of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia.
The instructions must indicate: the conditions of departure, the list and amount of the required number of spare parts and consumables, the procedure for their issuance and reporting.
3.14. In order to reduce the downtime of fire trucks for repair, as well as to strengthen the safety mode and economical use of material and technical resources, a revolving fund of units and assemblies is being created in the vehicle units.
The revolving fund is supported by the receipt of new and repaired units, assemblies, spare parts and devices, including those capitalized from decommissioned vehicles. Units and parts that are not suitable for repair and further use are handed over to the scrap in the prescribed manner, and those to be restored are handed over to the intermediate warehouse according to the receipt document and are subject to registration with filling out the accounting card of the circulating unit. The form of the accounting card for the circulating unit is given in Appendix 39.
The number and name of circulating units is determined taking into account the number and type of serviced fire and other motor vehicles, its technical condition and operating conditions. At the same time, the number of circulating units and new spare parts should be sufficient to carry out timely scheduled repairs of equipment and to exclude additional downtime of equipment due to their absence in the vehicle division.
3.15. Units, assemblies and mechanisms to be restored are replaced by others, issued from an intermediate warehouse on a consignment note, while a repair order is opened for the defective units (assemblies, mechanisms) being handed over.
The recovered units are subject to accounting and are credited. Automotive components and assemblies (engines, gearboxes, power take-offs, cardan shafts, front, middle and rear axles, fire pumps and other units, batteries, tires) are released from the warehouse only on condition that the same worn-out assemblies of the same name are returned to the warehouse. aggregates.
Small spare parts (carburetors, crosses, steering rod ends, etc.) are issued to the subdivisions on condition that they hand over worn-out spare parts of the same name to an intermediate warehouse.
3.16. The procedure for storing, accounting and issuing circulating units and spare parts is established by the head of the vehicle department, taking into account the current normative documents Russian Emergency Situations Ministry. Issuance material values accounted for by the car's limit card. The form of the limit card is given in Appendix 40.
If it is necessary to urgently repair firefighting equipment by the forces of the operational unit, the issue of the unit from the revolving fund to replace the faulty one is carried out according to the report of the head of this unit with the permission of the head of the territorial body of the EMERCOM of Russia. In this case, the faulty unit in mandatory surrender according to the receipt document to the warehouse for troubleshooting. If it is impossible to repair it, the unit is scrapped.
3.17. To ensure the operability of the machine tool, garage and technological equipment in the subdivisions of the vehicle, their scheduled preventive maintenance (repair) is carried out, taking into account the norms of working out by each piece of equipment for a certain number of hours established by the operational documentation.
Routine maintenance work on machine tool, garage and technological equipment is carried out in accordance with the equipment maintenance (repair) schedule. The form of the schedule is given in Appendix 41.
The complexity of these works is taken into account when drawing up the annual task plan and production program subdivisions of the vehicle.
When organizing and carrying out preventive maintenance (repair) of machine, garage and technological equipment, it is necessary to follow the instructions for the operation of this equipment.
Repair work performed under contracts and at other enterprises is not included in the annual target plan.
3.18. The work of the transport and economic unit is organized in accordance with the annual plan for the operation (use) of motor vehicles (Appendix 42) and the plan for its operation (use) for a quarter (Appendix 43).
The planning of the departure of auxiliary motor transport equipment, which is on the balance sheet of the vehicle units, for the next calendar day is carried out by the head of the transport and economic unit of the PTTs (detachment) or the head of the vehicle unit, taking into account the operation plan and applications of the units.
The heads of operational divisions submit applications for the performance of work to the vehicle division after agreement with the head of the UMTO and (or) with the permission of the person responsible for the operation of this vehicle. The driver must have the documents necessary for the right to drive and exit. The technical condition of the vehicle and its equipment must correspond current regulations road traffic.
The results of the consideration of applications are brought to the attention of the heads of operational divisions who submitted them. Applications for the performance of work must be recorded in the book of applications for the performance of work (Appendix 44). The work is carried out in accordance with the operation plans.
Tasks related to the provision of extinguishing fires, eliminating the consequences of other emergencies are performed in the first place.
In case of decentralized maintenance of motor transport equipment, the heads of departments who allocated equipment for the performance of work are obliged to inform the UMTO about the execution of applications.
Control over the correct operation of motor vehicles and compliance with mileage limits is carried out by the head of the UMTO of the territorial body of the EMERCOM of Russia.
3.19. The analysis of the production activities of the technical service divisions is carried out based on the results of work for the month, quarter and year. The analysis procedure is given in Appendix 45. The annual report on production activities is submitted to the UMTO (department of weapons and equipment). The results of the analysis are the basis for drawing up an action plan to identify production reserves and a development plan for the production and technical base of the TS subdivision.
4. PROVISION OF ROAD SAFETY OF FIRE EQUIPMENT OF DEPARTMENTS
4.1. Classification of incidents with fire equipment, causes and measures to prevent them
4.1.1. The incidents with fire equipment include cases of road traffic accidents (RTA), as well as failures in work that arose during operational actions.
4.1.2. The main types of accidents with fire and other vehicles are collisions, collisions with fixed obstacles, collisions with pedestrians, rollovers.
The reasons for these accidents are: violation of the rules for crossing intersections, violation of the rules for reversing, the wrong choice of the speed mode, maneuvering error in limited passages (incorrect assessment of the dimensions of motor vehicles), violation of overtaking rules.
4.1.3. Work to prevent road accidents is organized by the heads of the territorial bodies of the EMERCOM of Russia, the heads of the TS of the garrisons, the leading engineering and inspectors according to their functional duties, the heads of the divisions, the heads of the guards and the commanders of the departments.
4.1.4. The main measures to prevent road accidents are:
maintaining proper discipline, organization and high responsibility of all personnel in the units for the good technical condition of fire and other motor vehicles;
ensuring the exact observance of the "Rules of the road" and other organizational and administrative documents for driving in special conditions;
study by drivers of routes and location of water sources in the area of departure of the unit;
informing drivers and department commanders about changes in the operational situation before taking over duty and completing assignments;
a thorough investigation of the causes and the adoption of specific measures for each accident with fire and other motor vehicles, identification and elimination of the causes contributing to the accidents;
timely and high-quality technical maintenance and repair of equipment;
observance of the established procedure for admitting drivers to control the PA;
removal from driving of undisciplined and unprepared drivers, as well as those who have not passed a medical examination;
conducting classes discussing best practices and trouble-free operation;
encouragement of personnel for the successes achieved in the operation of equipment without incidents;
limiting the use of auxiliary vehicles on weekends and holidays;
systematic generalization and implementation of positive experience in operating equipment;
regular trainings with drivers (at least 1 time per quarter, if possible, with the involvement of traffic police officers) to study traffic rules, the materiel of cars and improve the practical skills of driving PA in difficult road conditions, as well as work with special units.
4.1.5. Measures to prevent accidents with standard equipment of units are developed by the department (department) of weapons and equipment and are included in the work plan of the command body and units.
4.1.6. The absence of accidents, breakdowns and equipment malfunctions in the departments during operational actions does not exclude the need for constant work to prevent them.