Designation of the power plant on the map. The power industry of Russia is the leader in thermal power plants. The largest thermal power plants in Russia: list
Practical work.
Progress:
Practical work.
Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia
Progress:
1. Using maps of the atlas, on the contour map of Russia, designate:
The largest thermal (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostromskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Perm, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropol, Surgutskaya GRES),
Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibinskaya, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver NPPs)
The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia (Bratsk, Volgograd, Volzhskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansk, Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power plants) and sign their names;
2. Shade in blue the economic regions dominated by hydroelectric power plants, and in red, nuclear power plants, and sign their names.
3. What are the location factors for TPPs, HPPs and NPPs?
Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!
Practical work.
Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia
Progress:
1. Using maps of the atlas, on the contour map of Russia, designate:
The largest thermal (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostromskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Perm, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropol, Surgutskaya GRES),
Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibinskaya, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver NPPs)
The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia (Bratsk, Volgograd, Volzhskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansk, Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power plants) and sign their names;
2. Shade in blue the economic regions dominated by hydroelectric power plants, and in red, nuclear power plants, and sign their names.
3. What are the location factors for TPPs, HPPs and NPPs?
Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!
Practical work.
Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia
Progress:
1. Using maps of the atlas, on the contour map of Russia, designate:
The largest thermal (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostromskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Perm, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropol, Surgutskaya GRES),
Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibinskaya, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver NPPs)
The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia (Bratsk, Volgograd, Volzhskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansk, Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power plants) and sign their names;
2. Shade in blue the economic regions dominated by hydroelectric power plants, and in red, nuclear power plants, and sign their names.
3. What are the location factors for TPPs, HPPs and NPPs?
Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!
Symbols on thermal diagrams TPP and NPP are regulated by state and industry standards.
Appendix 1 contains the most common symbols for pipelines, fittings, main and auxiliary equipment of TPPs and NPPs on thermal diagrams. Other designations can be found in the educational methodological and reference literature, a list of which is located at the end of this tutorial.
ANNEX 1
Symbols on thermal diagrams
|
Fresh steam (line thickness 0.8-1.5 mm) |
|
|
Reheat steam (0.8-1.5 mm) |
|
|
Steam of regulated extractions and back pressure (0.8-1.5 mm) |
|
|
Steam of unregulated extractions (0.8-1.5 mm) |
|
|
Air-steam mixture (0.2-1.0 mm) |
|
|
Nutrient water (0.2-1.0 mm) |
|
|
Condensation (0.2-1.0mm) |
|
|
|
Technical water, circulating (0.2-1.0 mm) |
|
|
Mains water and make-up water (0.2-1.0 mm) |
|
|
Pipe size (outer diameter and wall thickness, mm) |
|
|
Pipeline material |
|
|
Steam parameters (pressure, kgf / cm 2, temperature, ° С) |
|
1 |
Steam extraction number |
Pipelines
|
Crossing pipelines (no connection) |
|
|
Connecting pipelines |
Armature
|
Shut-off valve (valve) |
|
|
Control valve (valve) |
|
|
Check valve (movement of the working fluid possibly from white triangle to black) |
|
|
safety valve |
|
|
Throttle valve |
|
|
Reducing valve (top of the triangle directed towards high pressure) |
|
|
Gate valve |
|
|
AC motorized valve |
|
|
Reduction and cooling unit |
Main and auxiliary equipment
|
|
Single-flow turbine cylinder or gas turbine (hereinafter m = 10, 20, 30 or 40 mm, depending on the size of the thermal circuit) |
|
|
Turbo drive |
|
Steam or hot water boiler |
|
|
|
Superheater primary or intermediate (gas) |
|
Economizer |
|
|
Compressor |
|
|
Steam jet or water jet ejector |
|
|
|
Capacitor |
|
Mixing heat exchanger |
|
|
|
Surface heat exchanger (heater) |
|
|
Surface heater with built-in heating surfaces |
|
|
Deaerator |
|
Heat consumer |
|
|
Turbo pump |
|
|
Turbine evaporator |
APPENDIX 2
List of abbreviations
AZ - emergency protection; core (nuclear reactor)
ASPT, AST - nuclear power plant of industrial heat supply, nuclear
heating station
APCS - automated control system for thermal processes
NPP - nuclear combined heat and power plant
NPP - nuclear power plant
BN - booster pump
BOU - modular demineralization plant
BROU, BRU - high-speed reduction-cooling,
reduction unit
BS - drum separator
MCR - block control panel
VVER - pressurized water power reactor
ВС - upper stage (network heater)
VSP - upper network heater
GAVR - hydrazine-ammonia water regime
Pumped storage power plant - pumped storage power plant
Geothermal power plant - geothermal thermal power plant
GES - solar power plant (solar power plant)
GZZ - main gate valve
GOST - state standard
GOELRO - state plan for the electrification of Russia (1920)
GP - master plan (power plants)
Hydraulic fracturing - gas distribution point
GRES - state district power plant
GT, GTE, GTU, GTU-CHPP, GTE - gas turbine, gas turbine engine,
gas turbine unit, combined heat and power plant with gas turbine,
gas turbine power plant
gut - gram of standard fuel
HCC - main circulation loop
MCP - main circulation pump
Main control room - main control panel
Hydroelectric power station - hydroelectric power plant
D - deaerator
DV - blower fan
DVD - high pressure deaerator
DI - evaporator deaerator
ДН - drainage pump
DND - low pressure deaerator
DPTS - heating network make-up deaerator
DS - smoke exhauster
ДТ - chimney
ZRU - closed switchgear
ZU - ash collector
ASH, ASHU - ash and slag dump, ash and slag removal
And - evaporator
K - capacitor
Short circuit - short circuit
KI - evaporator condenser
KIUM - coefficient of installed capacity utilization
КМПЦ - loop of multiple forced circulation
KN - condensate pump
KNS - condensate pump for network heaters
KO - condensate cleaning; steam trap; volume compensator
Efficiency - coefficient of efficiency
CBT - condensate feed tract
KPTE - Combined Heat and Power Generation
CT - condensate tract
KTC - boiler and turbine shop (power plants)
KU - boiler plant; waste heat boiler
CC - boiler shop (power plants)
IES - condensing power plant
Power transmission line - power line
IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency
MB - material balance
MGDU - magnetohydrodynamic unit
MIREC, WEC - World Energy Conference, World
energy council
MPA - maximum design basis accident (at NPP)
NRES - unconventional and renewable energy sources
NKVR - neutral oxygen water regime
NOC - return condensate pump
НС - lower stage (network heater)
NSP - lower network heater
ОВ - cooling water; purified water; evaporator cooler (deaerator)
OVK - united auxiliary building
OD - drainage cooler
OK - reverse condensate; check valve
OP - purge cooler
OSG - open switchgear
OST - industry standard
ОУ - cooling unit; seal cooler
OE - core ejector
PV - feed water
LDPE - high pressure heater
PVK - peak hot water boiler
HTP - steam-water path
PG - steam generator
CCGT - combined cycle plant; steam generating plant
MPC - maximum permissible concentration
PE - live steam superheater
PC - safety valve; peak boiler
PKVD, PKND - high, low pressure steam boiler
PN - feed pump
HDPE - low pressure heater
PO - desuperheater
PP - intermediate superheater
PPR - steam converter; scheduled preventive maintenance
PT - steam turbine; steam path; fuel preparation
PTS - thermal circuit diagram
PTU - steam turbine unit
PU - seal heater
PX - steam characteristic
PE - ejectors heater; starting ejector
PEN - electric feed pump
R - expander; reactor (nuclear)
RW - radioactive waste
RAO "UES of Russia" - Russian Open Joint Stock Company
energy and electrification "United
electric power system of Russia "
RBMK - channel high-power reactor (boiling)
RBN - fast neutron reactor
RVP - regenerative air heater
ROU - reduction and cooling unit
RP - regenerative heater
RTN - thermal neutron reactor
RTS - expanded (complete) thermal diagram
RU - reduction unit; reactor plant
RC - reactor shop (nuclear power plant)
C - separator
ECCS - emergency cooling system for the zone (nuclear reactor)
SVO, SGO - special water treatment, special gas treatment (at NPP)
SPZ - sanitary protection zone
SK - stop valve
SKD, SKP - supercritical pressure, supercritical parameters
CM - mixer
СН - network pump
SP - network heater
SPP - separator-industrial steam superheater
STV - technical water supply system
CPS - control and protection system (nuclear reactor)
СХТМ - chemical technological monitoring system
SES - solar power plant
T - turbine
TB - heat balance; safety engineering
TV - technical water
HPT - high pressure turbine
FA, fuel element - fuel assembly, fuel element
TG - turbo generator
TGVT - fuel-gas-air path
TSU - turbine generator set
ТК - cogeneration bundle of the turbine condenser; technological
channel (nuclear reactor); fuel cartridge (for nuclear power plants)
ТН - heat carrier
LPT - low pressure turbine
TO - heat exchanger
TP - heat consumer; turbo drive (pump)
TPN - turbo-driven feed pump (turbo feed pump)
TTTs - fuel and transport department (power plants)
t / y - turbine
TU - turbine; technical conditions
TX - fuel economy; thermal characteristic
TC - turbine shop (power plants)
Fuel and energy complex - fuel and energy complex
Feasibility study - feasibility study (project)
FER - fuel and energy resources
TPP - thermal power plant
CHP - combined heat and power plant
CHPP-ZIGM - prefabricated combined heat and power plant at
gas-oil fuel
CHPP-ZITT - prefabricated combined heat and power plant on solid
FOREM - federal wholesale energy and power market (Russia)
HVO - chemical water treatment
HOV - chemically treated water
XX - idle (turbine)
HC - chemical workshop (power plants)
CV - circulating water
HPC, LPH, TsSD - high, low, medium pressure cylinders (turbines)
CN - circulation pump
CTAI - thermal automation and measurement workshop (power plants)
CCR - centralized repair shop (power plants)
CHVD, CHND, CHSD - part of high, low, medium pressure (turbines)
EG - electric generator
EMF - electromotive force
ES - power plant, Energy Strategy (Russia)
EU - seal ejector
EH - energy characteristic
EC - electrical shop (power plants)
NF, NFC - nuclear fuel, nuclear fuel cycle
Russia is the fourth largest electricity producer in the world after the United States, China and Japan. And in fourth place is Russia in terms of generating capacities. At the same time, the Russian industry and the population of the country are experiencing a power shortage. Thus, restrictions on the supply of electricity were recorded in the winter of 2006 in almost all energy systems of the country.
Electricity shortage is characterized by the following factors: lack of generating capacities during peak loads and refusals to connect new consumers.
2. On the contour map, indicate: 1) the areas where coal-fired TPPs are located; 2) areas of location of TPPs operating on gas and fuel oil; 3) areas where the largest hydroelectric power plants are located; 4) areas of NPP location; 5) the power plants referred to in paragraph. Make a conclusion about the location of power plants of different types.
3. Compare TPP, HPP and NPP by the following parameters: 1) construction cost; 2) construction time; 3) the cost of the generated electricity; 4) impact on the environment.
TPP 1) relatively small 2) relatively small 3) cheap electricity (but more expensive than nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power plants due to consumed fuel) 4) use non-renewable energy resources, produce a lot of solid and gaseous waste.
HPPs 1) high cost 2) long periods of time (about 15-20 years) 3) the cheapest electricity (excluding expensive construction) 4) use renewable resources. Flooding of the territory. Influence on the organic world of rivers.
NPP 1) high cost 2) long terms 3) For most countries, including Russia, the production of electricity at nuclear power plants is not more expensive than at pulverized coal and especially gas-oil TPPs. The advantage of nuclear power plants in the cost of electricity produced is especially noticeable during the so-called energy crises that began in the early 70s. 4) unsafe, but cleaner than the first two options.
4. On a contour map, mark power plants in Russia using traditional energy sources. Prepare a message (5-7 sentences) about one of these power plants.
Note: Kislogubskaya and Pauzhetskaya do not use traditional energy sources. You don't need to mark them on the map!
Beloyarsk NPP named after IV Kurchatova - the firstborn of the large nuclear power industry in the USSR. Beloyarsk NPP is the only nuclear power plant in Russia with power units of various types.
The volume of electricity generated by the Beloyarsk NPP is about 10% of the total electricity volume of the Sverdlovsk energy system.
The plant was built in two stages: the first stage - power units No. 1 and No. 2 with the AMB reactor, the second stage - power unit No. 3 with the BN-600 reactor. After 17 and 22 years of operation, power units No. 1 and No. 2 were shut down in 1981 and 1989, respectively, now they are in a long-term conservation mode with fuel unloaded from the reactor and correspond, in the terminology of international standards, to the 1st stage of NPP decommissioning ...
At present, the Beloyarsk NPP operates two power units - BN-600 and BN-800. These are the world's largest fast breeder reactors. In terms of reliability and safety, the "fast" reactor is one of the best nuclear reactors in the world. The possibility of further expansion of the Beloyarsk NPP by power unit No. 5 with a 1200 MW fast reactor, the main commercial power unit for serial construction, is being considered. According to the results of the annual competition of the Beloyarsk NPP in 1994, 1995, 1997 and 2001. was awarded the title "Best NPP in Russia". Distance to the satellite town (Zarechny) - 3 km; to the regional center (Yekaterinburg) - 45 km.
5. Formulate the definition of a power system. Why create power systems?
An energy system is a group of different types of power plants, connected by power lines and controlled from one center. The creation of power systems increases the reliability of supplying electricity to consumers and allows it to be transferred from district to district.
The branch of industry called "electric power" is an integral part of the broader concept of "fuel and energy complex", which, according to some scientists, can be called the "top floor" of the entire energy sector.
The role of the electric power industry is invaluable and it is one of the most important branches of the Russian industry. This is due to the fact that the supply of electricity is required for the normal functioning of the entire industrial complex and all types of human activities. The development of the electric power industry in its pace should outstrip the development of other sectors of the economy to ensure the required amount of energy.
Division of power plants in Russia by types
The leading role in the Russian electric power industry is played by thermal power plants, whose share in the industry is 67%, which in numerical terms is equal to 358 power plants. At the same time, the thermal power industry is divided into stations according to the type of fuel consumed. The first place is taken by natural gas, which accounts for 71%, followed by coal with 27.5%, in the third place is liquid fuel (fuel oil) and alternative fuels, the volume of which does not exceed half a percent of the total mass.
Large thermal power plants in Russia, as a rule, are located in places of fuel concentration, which allows to reduce delivery costs. Also, a feature of TPP is consumer orientation while simultaneously using fuel with a high calorific value. As an example, we can cite stations that consume fuel oil as fuel. They are usually located in large refineries.
Along with the usual CHPPs on the territory of Russia, there is a state district power station, which stands for a state regional power plant. It is noteworthy that a similar name has been preserved since the times of the USSR. The word "regional" in the name means the plant is oriented towards covering the energy costs of a certain territory.
The largest thermal power plants in Russia: list
The total total capacity of energy generated by thermal power plants in Russia is more than 140 million kWh, while the map power plants of the Russian Federation clearly makes it possible to trace the presence of a particular type of fuel.
The largest power plants in Russia by federal districts:
- Central:
- Kostromskaya GRES, which runs on fuel oil;
- Ryazan station, the main fuel for which is coal;
- Konakovskaya, which can operate on gas and fuel oil;
- Ural:
- Surgutskaya 1 and Surgutskaya 2. Stations, which are one of the largest power plants in the Russian Federation. They both run on natural gas;
- Reftinskaya, which operates on coal and is one of the largest power plants in the Urals;
- Troitskaya, also coal-fired;
- Iriklinskaya, the main source of fuel for which is fuel oil;
- Privolzhsky:
- Zainsk state district power station operating on fuel oil;
- Siberian Federal District:
- Nazarovskaya GRES, which consumes fuel oil as fuel;
- Southern:
- Stavropolskaya, which can also operate on combined fuel in the form of gas and fuel oil;
- Northwestern:
- Kirishskaya on fuel oil.
Also among the large power plants in the Urals is Berezovskaya GRES, which uses coal obtained from the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin as the main fuel.
Hydroelectric power plants
would not be complete without mentioning hydroelectric power plants, which occupy a well-deserved second place in the electric power industry of the Russian Federation. The main advantage of using just such stations is that they use renewable resources as a source of energy, in addition, such stations are distinguished by their ease of operation. The richest region in Russia in terms of the number of hydroelectric power plants is Siberia, thanks to the presence of a large number of turbulent rivers. The use of water as a source for energy production allows, with a decrease in the level of capital investments, to obtain electricity, which is 5 times cheaper than that generated by power plants in the European territory.
Which generate energy using water are located on the territory of the Angara-Yenisei cascade:
- Yenisei: Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power plants;
- Angara: Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk.
At the same time, hydroelectric power plants cannot be called completely environmentally friendly, since blocking rivers leads to a significant change in the terrain, which affects aquatic ecosystems.
Nuclear power plants
The third in the list of power plants in Russia are nuclear power plants, which use the power of atomic energy as fuel, which is released by a corresponding reaction. NPPs have many advantages, including:
- high energy content in nuclear fuel;
- complete absence of emissions into the atmospheric air;
- no oxygen is required to generate energy.
At the same time, nuclear power plants are classified as objects of increased danger, since during the operation of this type of power plant there is a likelihood of a man-made disaster, which can cause significant pollution of the territory. Also, the disadvantages of using a nuclear power plant include problems with disposal of waste from the operation of the plant. The largest part of nuclear power plants in Russia is concentrated in the Central Federal District (Kursk, Smolensk, Kalinin, Novovoronezh stations). Number of nuclear power plants in the Urals limited to one Beloyarsk station. There are also several nuclear power plants in the North-West and Volga Federal Districts.
Let's summarize
Summing up, it can be noted that number of power plants in Russia is 558 operating facilities, which sufficiently covers the needs of industry and the population in electricity. 
At the same time, hydroelectric power plants are the cheapest in operation, and the cheapest energy is generated by nuclear power plants, which at the same time remain the most dangerous facilities. The factors influencing the location of the stations are the availability of raw materials and the needs of consumers. For example, power plants of the Urals occupy a small part of the total, since the population density in this region is much lower than in the central regions, which are considered the "richest" in terms of the number of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants and state district power plants.