As in the ancient Greek black sea. In Russia, from the 10th to the 16th century, the Black Sea was called either "Russian" or "Scythian." Turkish observations of dark shades of water
Once again, the chocks twist the whole story. Thanks to modern equipment, science finds more and more evidence that refutes traditional history textbooks. They found underwater cities, high-tech buildings on the Moon, three-dimensional maps of the Siberian Plain with Russian letters, which are hundreds of millions of years old. see the photo and video in the article "The blow of the Jewish gods"
http://slavkrug.org/obschii-razdel/proba.html
It's all about the Russian language.
The Black Sea was called Ruskim by the Arab scholars Masudi (mid-X century) and Edrizi (XII century). In the "Geography" of Strabo I. c. "Scythian". And the Scythians are Russian, who, according to all the ancient chroniclers, spoke Russian!
And not at all because Russian by nationality, but because RUSSIA or Russian means in Russian - the sun, sunny, bright.
Aryans are the ancient name of the Slavs.
RA in Old Russian is God, light, heaven. Reverse reading results in AR - opposite to heaven i.e. Earth. Hence, the unit of measurement is Arshin, "A (o) Rati" i.e. to plow the land, which means Aria - comes from AR i.e. land and can mean "earthlings".
The world first heard the word RASA from the ancient texts of the Mahabharata (3150 BC), the Rig-Veda and the Avesta. The ancient texts tell about the white people "Angiras, Rasians", they are "Aryans". They flew in celestial chariots and lived in the Land of "Rus", along the banks of the Rasa or Ra, Rha rivers. The ancient name of the Volga was the same Ra. On the maps of Munster of the XVI century. Volga is signed as RA. In Sanskrit i.e. in the Aryan language, in which the Rig-Veda was written, "race, rusa" means "light, pure stream." The Roman expression "Tabula rasa" means "to start with a white sheet." This means that there can no longer be black, yellow, etc. races. RASA is an Old Russian. the word "Kin of Ases of the Country of Ases", and the slogan, "no to RACism" - means "no to white"
1. The language of the Aryans.
Previously, it was believed that the Rig Veda and Avesta are Indian and Iranian works. However, the Indian Sanskrit scholar P. Shastri said: "The two languages of the world are most similar to each other - Russian and Sanskrit, and that the ancient Sanskrit is wonderfully preserved with all the smallest subtleties in Rasiya." That is, ancient Sanskrit is one of the forms of the Russian language. Doctor of Science, Indologist N. Guseva and Sanskritologist T. Elizarenkova, who was awarded the highest award of India for the translation of the Rig-Veda, also speak of "almost complete similarity of ancient Sanskrit with Russian, like no other language in the world." Examples: mother-mother, son-sun, tata-tata, sva-sva, cup-chalice, young-young, new-nava, when-koda, then-tada, blowing-of-the-wind, wood-grass, bad-fool and etc. Tryn-grass, Skt. "tryna" is a herb. "Buka will come and gore you", in Skt. "bucca" is a goat. "Silent sapa", sapa has the form of "sarpa" Sanskrit. - snake. The root "ga" in both Sanskrit and Russian means movement. It is in Russian that there are many words with "ha": no-ha, tele-ha, doro-ha, etc.
2. Homeland of the Aryans.
In the book "Arctic homeland in the Vedas" the famous Indian scientist Brahman G. Tilak proved that in the Rig-Veda, descriptions of the territory where the Aryans lived (described the northern lights, melting glaciers, snow, the location of the constellations in the sky) are characteristic only for the North of RAS. And this means that the ancient Aryans came to India and Iran from Se VeRA, conquered the black population and created the most ancient Civilizations. The book Mahabharata describes the era of civil war between the Aryan clans. This era is called the era of Kali Yuga. It will end where the Golden Age began and will begin. This era began in the 4th millennium BC. in Kurukshetra. Where is this legendary Kurukshetra located? The answer is in the word itself, which consists of Kuru and kshetra. Kuru is the name of the Aryan white god. The word "kshetra" in Sanskrit means "field, country". Thus, Kurukshetra literally means "Kuru-pole" or the country of Kura. Surprisingly, it is in RASia in the White Sea that there is the island of Kur and Nal, there is the Kursk field and the name of the city "Kursk" comes from the Kuru, a huge number of rivers and lakes of the Vologda region are called Kuru, Kuria, etc. The Mahabharata describes the sacred reservoirs of Kurukshetra, their names exactly correspond to the names of the current rivers and lakes in the Central part of the RAS and in the Volga-Oka interfluve: the river "Kumara" - "Kumarevka", the river Ra is the ancient name of the Volga (in honor of the Slavic God Ra. The Turks called the inhabitants of Ra as "uras", "orus", "urys" - this is still the designation of Russians in the Turkic languages) "Pandya" - "Panda", "Sarayu" - Saraev, Sara ", Plaksha - Plaksa and etc. Near Lake Onega, there are three rivers: "Shiva Ruchey", "Padma" and "Ganesh." -Burke things kaurke "and we have rivers: Kaurskaya, Kawakaurya, etc. (in Sanskrit kava -" food ") Mount Kailash, sacred for Hindus, is traditionally located in the south - in India. Mahabharata describes the nature of Kailash with its lakes , rivers, an abundance of geese, ducks, swans and large yields of barley. But barley is the northernmost of the breads and its highest yield in the world but in the north of Russia. And indeed back in the middle of the 19th century. the river-source of the modern North Russian river Pinega was called "Kailasa", along which there were large fields of wild barley. It is in these northern places of Russia that there are numerous geese, ducks and swans, which is not the case on Mount Kailash in India. Earlier the city of Arkhangelsk was called Pur-Navolok. In the Mahabharata, "puru" is a city. Today in India there are many cities with the term "pur": Nagpur, Raipur, Madhupur (Honey City), etc. In the nineteenth century. in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk provinces such names were not uncommon: Purovo, Purino, Purkino. Thus, modern science has convincingly proved that the ancient Aryans are Russians, who more than 10-25 thousand years ago, because of the global cooling, went from North to South.
RUSSIANS FOUNDED THE CIVILIZATION OF INDIA, EGYPT, IRAN and EUROPE, giving them Russian names. For example
India comes from the Russian word "inde" - far away.
The ancient name of Egypt is "Hatkaptah", which means "bird house".
Where does the name of Scotland come from?
From the name of the Western Slavs - Scots. The Scots venerated the Slavic God Veles. And in the "Tale of Bygone Years", in the contracts of Prince Svyatoslav with the Greeks in 971. and in other chronicles, Veles is called the "cattle god" i.e. patron saint of animals. Having moved to the British Isles, the Scotts named the province of Scotland in honor of their ancestral patron god, his name Wales (i.e. Veles).
"Teutons".
The Germans do not call themselves Germans, but "Deutsch". Roman historians who wrote in Latin called the northern Wends (barbarians) "Germans". Mavro Orbini and other medieval chroniclers directly write that Europe was inhabited by "Slavs" who called themselves "Ger". The word “ger-” is the Russian word “yar-”, “ar-”, i.e. "Yary, ary". In Roman Latin, the word "yar-" is transformed unambiguously as "her-". For example, the Slavic god Yarovit is signed by the Romans as "Gerovit". This transition is attested to by the precise rules of linguistic science. And the word "man" means people. So the Germans are "Yar-people" or "People" who called themselves "Yarians, Aryans." The fact that the Germans were Russians is also proved by the origin of the name of the city of Berlin - from Old Russian. "Ber" i.e. bear (den, ber's lair). Therefore, a bear is depicted on the flag and coat of arms of Berlin. The same applies to other cities: Dresden - Drozdyany, Ratzeburg - Ratibor, Rostock - Rostock, Teterov - Teterev, Torgau - Torgovy, Schwerin - Zverin, etc. In the 19th century, the Czech scientist V. Schember found 1000 Slavic names of rivers, mountains and locations on the map of Austria. "Zapadni Slovane v praveku" 1860 "Deutsche", taking advantage of the de-powering of the Slavic tribes that defeated the Roman Empire and other enemies, began an "onslaught to the East." Some of the Rus were destroyed in the wars, some were assimilated or pushed back to the east.
Swedes (svenska).
Europe spoke Russian until the 17th century. Proof of this is the fact that at the funeral of the Swedish king Charles XI in 1697. in Stockholm, the Swedish master of ceremonies Johan Gabriel, in the presence of the entire Swedish court, read the official eulogy in Russian, written in Latin letters. Document preserved in codex from Uppsala University Library, Palmkiold Collection 15
page 833. Another copy is kept at the Royal Library of Stockholm. The title page reads: “Placzewnaja recz na pogrebenie togho prez segho welemozneiszago i wysokorozdennagho knjazja i ghossudarja Karolusa odinatsetogho swidskich. The ousting of the Slavs from Europe began precisely with the language. National languages began to be created and the recently invented Latin alphabet was introduced instead of the former Cyrillic alphabet. As a result, the words began to be distorted. Russian -Sch- was written in Latin letters as ridiculous -SZCZ-. But the Ancient Svenskmol, Sveiska mola (rumor of the Svens) or the Swedish language retained purely Russian suffixes like -SK-, for example, RUSSISK, or SVENSK, or NORSK. Old Norse "strem" means a rapids, a stream, BATTE (R) - dad, father, etc.
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE THE MOST ANCIENT LANGUAGE ON EARTH.
The Church taught us that the Slavs are savages, they did not have a written language and it was created by Cyril in the 9th century. But in the "Lives of the Saints" Cyril writes that "he saw the Gospel written in Russian letters." So the Slavs had a written language even before Cyril. Lomonosov, Arbini, Catherine II wrote about the deepest antiquity of the Russian language. Archaeological discoveries have confirmed: Russian is the most ancient language in
I. At p. Kostenki found a Slavic Goddess-Makosh (42 thousand years old), with a Russian runic script.
II. Old Russian runic and alphabetic ("Cyrillic") writing was found on the Roseau Stone in North America, on the Kola Peninsula and Norway. There are such inscriptions: "Rus Makozhi", "Rus Tula", etc. American scientists dated the inscriptions to 200 thousand years.
III. In 1999, in the village of Chadar, a stone slab with a three-dimensional image of the Ural region was found, signed with the Russian runic. The map is 120 million years old. IV. In Serbia, the same writing was found (VI millennium BC related to Vinca culture), which exactly corresponds to the Russian runes and is almost one millennium older than the Sumerians.
V. St. Jerome of Dalmatskiy in the IV century. wrote the Bible in Glagolitic.
The loss of knowledge led to a reduction in writing. From the Runes we went to the Glagolitic alphabet, from the Glagolitic to the "alphabet".
Our alphabet is 49 letters:
"Az, Gods, I Know, Verb, Good ... Belly (life), People, Think, Our, He .."
The Jew Cyril has cut down to 45 letters,
Prusak Peter I to 42,
German Nicholas II U38
and the Jew Lenin up to 33. They made these letters animal sounds "aaa, bee ... mee", which do not convey information.
So the word PEOPLE consists of "N (ash) + ROD". That is, the people are not the biomass of everyone and everything, where is the negro with the inscription on the piece of paper "citizen of Russia" already "Russian"? Turks, Armenians, etc. are not Our Family and cannot be called a people, but foreigners, aliens. When the Georgian “people” is said, does it turn out to be Georgian “our kind”? Absurd.
VESTA - Rita is in charge of the laws, i.e. virgin, vesta-message, news.
THE BRIDE is not knowing, not a virgin, but to marry a bride is MARRIAGE
LANGUAGE - it was correctly spelled through letters ѩ-е ѣ - yat, that is, ѩzychѣnik. All Slavs spoke the same language, therefore "ѩzychѣ" pronounced the people, and the addition of a negative form - "nickname" gave "zychѣ no", that is, not a Slav. Therefore, to say that the Slavs were ѩzychniki, i.e. non-Slavs - absurd
THE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, MADE BY GERMANS under Peter I.
Language is the soul of the people, and they, like the Poles, have distorted our language and made it dead, for example, we are taught to write "birth", through the letter "o". But in the vocalization of the language, we pronounce - RIVATION, from the original Russian
words to RAISE, RAISE ". In this case, the word comes to life - RA W (belly) DATE. Only in the language of the Aryans, at the genetic level, is it laid down to pronounce words through RA.
Rasiya is RA shining. (in English Ra sha, sha-shine). Hence the ancient name of the Slavs RASichi.
What are "RUS" and "RA"?
RA is an Old Russian word that had several meanings: God, Sun, Light. If we listen closely to the RAADNOY language (RA is a given language), we will find that only in the Russian language, all the key words, in one way or another, are associated with RA. For example: Ra arc - solar arc, Ra zoom - bright mind. EARLY - (but) there is no RA, there is no sun yet. Dawn. BE RA - to be in charge of RA, etc. Three main names of the Sun in Russian
1. RA
2. Surya, when reading back, gives Rus, hence the Rus, light brown hair ie sunny, bright.
3. Colo or Horse, hence the wheel, HOROVod, HOROMS, HOR (circle shape). The pronunciation of RA is inherent in us genetically. "PRA-Sveshenie". those. Rule the Holy (h) enie (among the Slavs, Rule is the world of the Gods).
MYTH about the Tatar-Mongol Yoke and the indigenous peoples of Rasia.
Traditional history and the church taught us that the Tatars are nomadic hordes of Asians, Mongoloids. However, why is there not a single document of the XIII century? in Mongolian, except for documents (labels) of the Tatar khans in Russian? Arab historian of the XIII century. Rashid-ad-din (referring to the "complete description of the Mongol-Tatars" in 1221, the original of which disappeared in the XIV century in China !!!) wrote that all representatives of the Borzhigin clan, to which Batu and his grandfather Genghis Khan belonged, were tall tall, long beards, fair hair and blue eyes. Genghis Khan belonged to the "Niruns" family. The ancestors of the "Niruns" were the Dinlins, as the "Chinese" called the Huns. What turns out, Genghis Khan was not a Mongoloid? All these contradictions could be explained by genetics.
DNA SLAVS.
Thanks to modern discoveries in the field of archeology and genetics, it was found that the past of peoples is deliberately distorted! We were deliberately lied about that supposedly we were all mixed for a long time and that we allegedly had the Tatar-Mongol yoke of the Asians. However, thanks to modern genetic diagnostics, "DNA analyzes of the Mongols taken from most of the burials of Chingiskhan's warriors showed that they were all of the Slavic race and it is impossible to refute this scientific fact," said doctors of biological sciences, professors of biochemistry at Kazan University (Farida Alimova and others). This means that there was no Asian yoke, i.e. there was no mixing of Slavs with Asians. Modern Tatars are not descendants of the ancient Tatars. They came to these lands much later. In ancient times, Russians who lived beyond the Urals were called Tatars. The word itself comes from
"TATA" + "ARIES" = TATARS ie ancestors of the Aryans.
This was also confirmed by the largest international studies of the genetics of the Russian people, in which 8 research institutes from Great Britain (University of Cambridge), Estonia (Estonian Biocentre), RASia (Academy of Medical Sciences) took part. Research findings published in the 2008 American Journal of Human Genetics. once and for all they have refuted the myths that the pure Slavs no longer exist. Scientists have established that “in the genetics of the Russian people there are no admixtures of Asians and Finno-Ugric. Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are one people with a single, clearly expressed, special genotype. " The faith and traditions of the ancient Slavs excluded any confusion with aliens. And women who were abused during the attacks were not married. It has come down to this day in proverbs, and in some places in the countryside the concepts of "spoiled virgin", "look at the pedigree up to the 7th generation", etc. are still preserved. And only in the last times of the dominance of the ideologies of globalization and mixed marriages, some of the Slavs, neglecting the ancient foundations, mixed with their neighbors and genetically are no longer Slavs.
That is why in all the ancient images of Tatars, Tatars with Russian facial features.
For example, on the tomb of Henry II the Pious the inscription reads as follows: "The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lignitz on April 9, 1241" But this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance and clothes.
In the drawings of Marco Polo (1254-1324), made by him during a visit to China, all the inhabitants of Great Tartary have Slavic facial features!
Tamerlane himself was depicted not as a "quick-eyed Asian ruler", but as a Slav.
Mamay,
Batu on all ancient engravings is also depicted by the Slavs.
And only in later documents are they depicted as Asians, such as the portrait of Genghis Khan in "China". Scientists have identified the distant boundaries of the habitat of our ancestors. Russians originally lived throughout the territory of modern Russia, Europe, the Middle East, India, Iran, North America and China: "the analysis of bone remains found in burials in Altai and Arkaim of the 2nd millennium BC, showed that they belong to the Russian genotype. Indisputable proof that it is the Russians who are the indigenous population of Asia and North China
There are Tarim mummies - the mummified relics of the Slavic-Aryans of the 2nd millennium BC. NS. found in the Xinjiang Uygur region of China. So Ermak's campaign for the Urals was a legitimate return of the lost territories. In the British Encyclopedia of 1771, it is written that "Great Tartary, it was formerly called Scythia ... is the largest country in the world, which includes Siberia, Europe, Asia, North Africa and most of North America." Thanks to genetics and new discoveries of archeology, it has been proven that
THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF RACIA THERE IS ONLY ONE PEOPLE - RUSSIAN, Slavic-Aryans.
And the rest are alien tribes or invaders who took advantage of the disaster of the Russian people and seized our lands. So with the introduction of Jewish Christianity in Russia and in Europe, a cruel civil war began. When these provinces tried to break away from the Empire after the planting of Christianity in them, Tarkhtaria sent an army to guide the Yig. To hide the violent Christianization of Russia, the destruction of 9 million Slavs, 2/3 of the population of Russia, Christian chroniclers invented myths about princely feuds, which the Asiatic Tatars who seized Russia allegedly took advantage of. The Romanov history teaches us that this Igo ended in 1480. However, on all European maps of the 18th century. and on the Russian maps preserved from the cleansing, most of the territory of the Russian Empire was called: GRANDE TARTARIE, that is, Great Tartary. Tarkhtaria was named in honor of the Slavic gods of patrons - Tarkh (Dazhdbog) and Tara, his Younger sister. Our Ancestors said to foreigners: "we are children of Tarkh and Tara". Until now, in Siberia, the polar star is called Tara. The Europeans do not have the letter "x" and therefore Tarkhtaria was written as Tartaria, Tartary. The word "Igo" is an Old Russian. "Order", hence "Igor" is the keeper of order. "Mongolia" Foreigners called Russia, from the Greek "Megalion", i.e. "Great". The word "horde" meant "light army". Runa "OR" meant "strength", "DEN" - "light". This is how the Great Horde came into being. The Horde is an army or a military settlement like our Cossack camps. We meet the word "Stan" with the prefixes "Tajiks", "Uzbeks", etc. Ask any Uzbek: “How is“ Stan ”translated in the word“ UzbekStan ”? And he will not answer you, because there is no such word in the Uzbek language. And it comes from the Old Russian verb "hundred" (to flock). A village, a machine tool ... If we take all the historians and all the names of the peoples they wrote about: Aryans, Scythians, Huns, Alans, Sarmatians, etc., then we will see that this is all, the names of one people - Russian, which at different times, different historians called it differently. E. Klassen "New materials for the ancient history of the Slavs ...".
One more example. In the annals of Mtatsmindeli "The siege of Constantinople by the Scythians, who are Russians ... who besieged Constantinople in 626" says that the Scythians were Russians, their sovereign was called Khakan. The proof that all these Scythians, Alans, Huns, etc. are Russians is the fact that all these tribes spoke Russian or Slavic languages, they had the same deities.
So Ptolemy and Pliny indicate that "the Greeks themselves adopted the alphabet from the Pelasgians, the Slavic or Scythian people."
The first Sarmatians, or Sarmatians of Herodotus, spoke the Scythian language.
1) And the Scythians of Anna Komnenoy, Lev the Deacon and Kinnam spoke Russian.
2) The Tavroscythians of Constantine Porphyrogenitus spoke Russian.
3) The Great Scythians of the Greek writers, according to Nestor, spoke Russian.
4) Sarmatians (Russ) Halkokondils spoke Russian.
5) Alana (Rossi) in Georgian history - of course, Russians.
6) Sarmatians of Pope Sylvester II and blessed. Jerome spoke the Venetian language.
7) The Sarmatians (Anty), recognized by all for the Slavs, spoke, of course, the Slavic language.
8) Sarmatians (Veneds) Peutinger. tab. Procopius and Ptolema spoke Slavic.
9) Alane (Anty) - Slavic.
10) Alane in northern France - Slavic.
Polovtsi - from the word "sexual",
Which means "red-haired", and the nomads of the Turks could not be fair-haired by their southern nature. The Polovtsi are Swedes who have become nomads. Until now, the local population calls the Polovtsian burial mounds in the Black Sea region "Swedish graves". The famous Polovtsian Khan Sharukan is referred to by medieval historians as the leader of the Goths (Swedes). As a result, the movement of chocks, from south to north (Christianization, Islamization), happened what once happened to the Greeks and Armenians. Mingling with aliens, they degenerated.
Alexander Green recalled in his Autobiographical Tale that he learned to read by looking at a geographical map, and the first word he read was “sea”.
“The sea smelled like watermelon,” we read in the story of the great master of epithets and comparisons, Ivan Bunin. But Anton Chekhov liked the simple childish definition most of all: “The sea was big”.
Indeed, is it possible to say more precisely about this "model of the universe"? As a happy moment of life, we remember the day when we first saw the Black Sea, so it attracts us to it, so we count the days in the middle of winter until the holidays. But if not for us, then our children and grandchildren should know something about the sea, and besides the fact that it is "big"!
Origin of the Black Sea
The origin of the Black Sea is closely related to the history of the entire earth. At the dawn of its history, the earth was a red-hot ball of fire. Then the earth began to cool down, moisture began to condense, and torrential rains began to pour over its surface, which began to fill all the depressions and land. Groundwater began to collect. This is how the world's seas and oceans were born.
Initially, sea water was not salty. But over the past millions of years, sea water has become salty. Water, evaporating from the sea surface, left all the salts and minerals, at the same time being replenished with water of deep rivers, which washed away young rocks and enriched with salts. Thus, the world's oceans were filled with minerals and became salty.
Sea water contains all the elements of the periodic table known on earth. But the first place in terms of content is taken by sodium chloride, known as table salt, and magnesium sulfate - bitter salt. Thanks to them, the sea water tastes salty.
The Black Sea is the heir to the Tethys World Ocean, whose waters stretched from the modern Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. Millions of years passed before the modern seas formed and the mountains that divided it grew.
About twenty thousand years ago, the Black Sea basin was completely isolated from the World Ocean. Numerous fresh rivers served as a source of replenishment of water reserves. In fact, the Black Sea at that time was a lake. Only ten millennia later, the overflowing freshwater Black Sea reservoir connected with the Sea of Marmara through the Bosphorus. Ocean water, enriched with salts, rushed in a stormy tsunami to actively fill it. This natural disaster is described in the Old Testament and is better known as the Flood.
In the depths of the sea, the water is colder and saltier than in the upper layers, and therefore cannot rise to the surface to be enriched with oxygen. Where there is a lack of oxygen, hydrogen sulfide accumulates. The Black Sea, at a depth below two hundred and 200 meters, is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, and at the bottom there is a thick layer of black silt. There is no life in the hydrogen sulfide layer, with the exception of only hydrogen sulfide bacteria. Recent measurements of the level of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea show that it has begun to rise.
Over the entire period of the formation of the modern appearance of the earth, the Black Sea has repeatedly merged with the Mediterranean Sea and the Caspian Sea. And only about six to seven thousand years ago, the Black Sea became what we see it today.
The history of the name of the Black Sea
The first known name of the Black Sea is "Temarinda", which means "Dark Abyss". So it was called by the Taurus, the most ancient inhabitants of Crimea.
The Greeks, who appeared off the coast of Crimea in the 8th century BC, called the Black Sea Pont Aksinsky - the Sea Inhospitable. For them, it was a sea full of pirates, where the shores were swarming with tribes of wild aborigines. But centuries passed, the enterprising Greeks gradually settled down on the Crimean coast, founded cities, developed trade, and centuries later the Black Sea was called Pontus Euxinsky - the Hospitable Sea.
A thousand years ago, the Black Sea was called the Surozh Sea. Then, through the modern Sudak, and in the past Surozh - the Great Silk Road ran. It was also called the Russian Sea.
The modern name "Black Sea" was strengthened only in the Middle Ages, when the tribes of nomadic Turkic peoples invaded Crimea. But it sounded differently. Mare Negrum - the Genoese and Venetians called him. Karadenis are Arabs. Black sea - foreigners say now. But since then, the name has always been the same - the Black Sea.
Black Sea currents
While vacationing in Crimea, you often hear the phrase that "the current has changed." What is this current of the Black Sea? An experiment can be carried out, if somewhere in the Odessa region a boat is put into free navigation, the current will carry it to the Bosphorus itself.
The currents of the Black Sea are closely connected with the large rivers flowing into it - the Dnieper, Danube, and the Southern Bug. There, the water level rises significantly. Here it should be remembered that the globe rotates from east to west, and water flows into the Black Sea to the south, deflecting it to the west, directing it along the shores of Turkey, the Caucasus, Crimea - and so on in a circle ...
The width of the Black Sea Current is only sixty meters, the speed is half a meter per second. It is opposed by the south-westerly wind (it is called "sweep"), which raises deep cold layers of water to the surface. It is this southwestern wind that causes a short cooling of the sea water near the southern coast of Crimea. This phenomenon has received the name of the local inhabitants of the Crimea "nizovka", when the temperature of the sea water can drop sharply from 25 to 13 degrees. But just a couple of days is enough, and the Black Sea warms up again. You can devote your free time from the sea to excursions and mountain hikes.
In the Black Sea Bosporus strait, two currents operate simultaneously. On the surface, water moves from the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea. But at depth, the water moves back to the Black Sea. If a container with water is thrown on a cable from a boat, which is carried by the current into the Sea of Marmara, then, having descended to a depth of about thirty meters, it will begin to move the boat against the current on the surface - towards the Black Sea.
The relief of the Black Sea
The Black Sea water area connects Crimea with Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Romania, Bulgaria. Through the Kerch Strait, it is connected to the shallow Sea of Azov, and through the Bosphorus Strait - with the Sea of Marmara and then the world's oceans.
The Black Sea is one of the deepest inland seas on the globe. The maximum depth reaches 2245 meters, while the average depth of the Black Sea is 1280 meters. The area of the Black Sea is 442 thousand square kilometers. In terms of water volume, it is six times larger than the Caspian Sea, and sixteen times the Baltic, although their areas are approximately equal in size.
The largest island in the Black Sea is Serpentine. It covers an area of only 1.5 square meters. kilometers. There are no other large islands in the Black Sea.
The Black Sea is inland. It is almost invisible to the ocean ebb and flow under the influence of lunar gravity.
Three forms are characteristic of the relief of the Black Sea bottom. This is a continental shelf - a shelf, a continental slope and a deep Black Sea basin.
The shoal occupies about 24% of the entire area of the Black Sea bottom, and descends from the coast to a depth of 100 - 140 meters. The width of the Black Sea shelf in the north-west reaches 200-250 kilometers, on the eastern shores - no more than 6-10 kilometers. There are places where it does not exceed even 500 meters from the coast.
About ten thousand years ago, the shelf was a plain through which rivers flowed. After the glaciers melted, these plains were flooded with sea waters.
The continental slope near the Crimean coast is steep, reaches 30 ° and is considered steep. It is characterized by deep depressions, wide underwater valleys, giant underwater cliffs, hills and rocky faults. Sea water slides along the continental slope at a high speed of up to 90 km per hour and destroys the soil.
At a depth of 2000 meters, the bottom of the Black Sea basin begins, which occupies about 30% of the entire water area. The hollow is perfectly flat in shape, oval, slightly inclined to the south.
The Black Sea captures land - one centimeter per year. For example, at the very edge of the Heracles Peninsula, there was an ancient temple, which stood at a safe distance from the sea in those days. Now he is hidden in the depths of the sea. According to scientists, by the end of the 21st century, the level of the Black Sea will rise by 1-2 meters. This means that in the next 50 years, all city beaches will go under water.
Fauna of the Black Sea
The fauna of the Black Sea is quite diverse. First of all, these are various types of commercial and non-commercial fish - sturgeon (the largest of them is beluga), Azov flounder-gloss, mullet, pelengas, Black Sea flounder-kalkan, red mullet-sultanka, sea bass, horse mackerel, mackerel, herring (in the family herring also includes anchovy, sprat, tulka), goby, sea ruff, greenback and others - about 180 species in total. From the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles they enter Blackfin tuna, swordfish, bluefish, bonito, garfish.
The Black Sea shark is also found here - katran, three species of dolphins - bottlenose dolphins (the largest of them, up to 3 m long and weighing up to 400 kg), white barrel and azovka (the smallest), there are two types of stingrays, jellyfish, mussels, rapana, crabs and other inhabitants of the deep sea.
Once upon a time, the Black Sea monk seal lived on the Crimean shores. It was last seen in the bays of the New World in 1927. But off the coast of Turkey and Bulgaria, it has survived to this day.
Oysters were once found in the Black Sea, but the Pacific rapana, which accidentally entered the Black Sea from the Far East about fifty years ago, practically destroyed them. It's a pity. Red mullet got its second name - sultanka - because it was considered the favorite fish of the Turkish sultans due to its delicate, delicate taste. Today red mullet is served in the finest Crimean restaurants.
Very often the question arises about the Black Sea jellyfish - what are they? We will answer. There are two types of jellyfish in the Black Sea: aurelia and cornerot. Aurelia has a flat umbrella with a diameter of 10-20 cm, along the edges of which there are numerous filamentous tentacles. Cornerot is a larger jellyfish with a dome diameter of up to 40-50 cm, from which 8 large processes extend. The tentacles of jellyfish are equipped with so-called stinging cells; from touching them, a person gets a burn, like from nettle, traces from which remain on the body for up to several hours.
Due to hydrogen sulfide contamination, the organic world of the Black Sea, although diverse, is not rich. Here you will not find corals, sea stars, hedgehogs and lilies, cephalopods and other groups of animals that are characteristic of "ordinary", and even more so - tropical seas.
But, like any sea, the Black one is shrouded in many secrets. What can you not hear! Fascinating stories about ancient Greek sailors and bloodthirsty Taurus pirates; romantic stories about lovers separated by the sea and circumstances; legends about countless treasures stored at the bottom of the sea in sunken ships ...
In different periods of human history, this sea was called differently: Pontus Euxine, which in Greek means hospitable sea, Scythian, Sarmatian, Cimmerian, Russian sea, Surozh, Tauride. It was called black, according to one version, because, according to another, due to the fact that objects made of metal, lowered to a great depth, turn black.
What was on the site of the Black Sea in antiquity.
To unravel this mystery, let's turn to the history of the sea. Black Sea formed on the site of the ancient ocean Tethys several million years ago, when volcanic eruptions began, and the Caucasus Mountains rose from the bottom of the sea in smoke and flames. First, a huge freshwater lake was formed, which included the Black, Caspian and Aral seas. And the modern Crimean and Caucasian mountains were just islands. But the land gradually rose, and the seas parted. Throughout its geological history, the Black Sea was either a freshwater lake or a sea, when due to faults in the earth's crust, a connection with the ocean appeared.
Two or three million years ago, huge whales swam in the Black Sea. Their fossilized skeletons have survived to this day. When the sea again became a freshwater lake, they perished, and only a few adapted to live in both salt and fresh water. These ancient species, which have survived to this day, are now called Sarmatian relics... Among them is the famous Azov-Black Sea sturgeon. adapted to live in salty sea water, and sturgeon caviar and fry survive only in fresh water, so the Black Sea sturgeon comes to spawn in the Don and Kuban.
When the Black Sea was formed.
Scientists suggest that some 6-8 thousand years ago the Black Sea was a freshwater lake, but due to a strong earthquake, the Bosphorus Strait arose. Through it, salty waters from the Mediterranean Sea poured into the Black Sea, giving birth to the legend of the worldwide stream... Whether this is true or not is unknown, but the fact that most of the inhabitants of the Black Sea, accustomed to fresh water, could not adapt to the new conditions, and died this is true... The remains of the former inhabitants, having sunk to the bottom, are still there, while due to their decomposition at the bottom in large quantities hydrogen sulfide is formed(gas with an unpleasant odor). Only the upper layer of the Black Sea - about 150-200 meters - is inhabited. Below, only bacteria that form hydrogen sulfide live.
Why is the water in the Black Sea not as salty as in the ocean?
Many rivers flow into the sea, like the Mediterranean, and even more so the ocean. Rivers flowing into the sea carry with them many nutrients. Therefore, in the Black Sea there is a high density of green mass of plankton and algae. Some are up to 10 meters long. There are even completely fantastic seaweed that glow at night. The coast of the Black Sea in some places is simply dotted with shells - houses of dead mollusks that lived or still live in the sea. The brightest of them are rapans. About that in the next article.
It is believed that on the site of the present Azov, Caspian, Mediterranean, Aral and Black seas, there was one of the bays of the ancient Tetis ocean. In the process of evolution, this bay was divided, and, about a million years ago, after the appearance of the ridges of the Crimean and Caucasian mountains, the Black Sea separated from the world ocean and became a separate, almost permanent lake. This situation persisted for a long time, and only about eight thousand years ago, as a result of a strong earthquake, the Bosphorus Strait was formed, through which the waters of the Mediterranean Sea began to flow into a fresh lake, and as a result the modern Black Sea was formed.
The history of the name of the Black Sea.
Why is the Black Sea, which sparkles with its greenish-blue surface under the rays of the southern sun for most of the year, is it called "Black"? Was this sea always called that? No not always. Throughout history, it has changed several names. The ancient Greeks called it Pontus Euxine, that is, the hospitable sea. This perfectly characterizes the sea itself, its shores with colorful colors of lush vegetation, the air filled with the breath of the sea and the scent of flowers. Our ancestors called the Black Sea Pontus or Russian.
There are several hypotheses about the modern name of the sea. One of them, put forward by historians, explains the origin of the name "Black Sea" by the fact that the Turks and other conquerors who came to its shores in order to conquer the local population met with serious resistance from the Circassians, Circassians and other tribes. For this, the Turks allegedly called the Karaden-giz sea - Black, inhospitable.
The second hypothesis relates the origin of the name "Black Sea" to supposedly strong storms, and possibly to the fact that the water in the sea darkens during a storm. However, it must be said that storms are just not its characteristic feature. Strong excitement (more than 6 points) occurs here no more than 17 days a year. As for the darkening of the water during a storm, this is characteristic of all seas, and not only the Black one. However, it is known that Magellan called the "Pacific Ocean" the most turbulent ocean on Earth, since during the voyage of Magellan's ships there were almost no strong storms there. It is possible that the same mistake occurred in relation to the Black Sea.
The third hypothesis of the origin of the name "Black Sea", put forward by hydrologists, is based on the property that metal objects (for example, anchors), lowered to a certain depth, rise to the surface blackened under the influence of hydrogen sulfide located in the depths of the sea. This version seems to us the most probable, since it proceeds from a characteristic feature of the Black Sea waters.
There are also other hypotheses. It is believed that the sea was so named because after a storm sometimes black silt remains on its shores (in fact, not black, but gray). Description of the Black Sea.
The Black Sea is the inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosphorus Strait connects with the Sea of Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles Strait, with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of Azov. The Crimean Peninsula cuts deep into the sea from the north. The water border between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea. Area 422,000 km² (according to other sources - 436,400 km²). The outlines of the Black Sea resemble an oval with a longest axis of about 1150 km. The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 km. The greatest depth is 2210 m, the average is 1240 m. The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. The unrecognized state entity Abkhazia is located on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea.
A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete (with the exception of a number of anaerobic bacteria) absence of life at depths over 150-200 m due to the saturation of deep water layers with hydrogen sulfide. The Black Sea is an important transport area, as well as one of the largest resort regions in Eurasia. In addition, the Black Sea remains of great strategic and military importance. The main military bases of the Russian Black Sea Fleet are located in Sevastopol and Novorossiysk.
The shores of the Black Sea are scarcely indented and, mainly, in its northern part. The only large peninsula is the Crimean one. The largest bays: Yagorlytsky, Tendrovsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia in Ukraine, Varna and Burgas in Bulgaria, Sinop and Samsunsky - near the southern coast of the sea, in Turkey. Estuaries overflow in the north and north-west at the confluence of rivers. The total length of the coastline is 3400 km.
Bays of the northern part of the Black Sea A number of areas of the sea coast have their own names: the southern coast of Crimea in Ukraine, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in Russia, the Rumeli coast and the Anatolian coast in Turkey. In the west and northwest, the shores are low-lying, steep in places; in Crimea - mostly low, with the exception of the southern mountainous shores. On the eastern and southern shores, the spurs of the Caucasus and Pontic mountains come close to the sea. There are almost no islands in the Black Sea. The largest are Berezan and Zmeiny (both with an area of less than 1 km²).
The Black Sea fills an isolated depression located between Southeast Europe and the Asia Minor Peninsula. This depression was formed in the Miocene epoch, in the process of active mountain building, which divided the ancient Tethys Ocean into several separate bodies of water (from which later, in addition to the Black Sea, the Azov, Aral and Caspian Seas were formed).
Supposed outlines of the lake that existed on the site of the Black Sea One of the hypotheses of the Black Sea origin (in particular, the conclusions of the participants of the international oceanographic expedition on the scientific ship "Aquanaut" in 1993) says that 7500 years ago it was the deepest freshwater lake on earth, the level was more than a hundred meters lower than the modern one. At the end of the Ice Age, the level of the World Ocean rose and the Bosphorus Isthmus was broken. A total of 100 thousand km² were flooded (the most fertile land already cultivated by people). The flooding of these vast lands may have become the prototype of the myth of the worldwide flood. The emergence of the Black Sea, according to this hypothesis, was presumably accompanied by the mass death of the entire freshwater living world of the lake, the decomposition product of which - hydrogen sulfide - reaches high concentrations at the bottom of the sea.
The Black Sea depression consists of two parts - western and eastern, separated by an uplift, which is a natural continuation of the Crimean peninsula. The northwestern part of the sea is characterized by a relatively wide shelf strip (up to 190 km). The southern coast (belonging to Turkey) and the eastern (Georgia) are steeper, the shelf strip does not exceed 20 km and is indented by a number of canyons and depressions. The depths off the coast of the Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus are increasing extremely rapidly, reaching heights of over 500 m already a few kilometers from the coastline. The sea reaches its maximum depth (2210 m) in the central part, south of Yalta.
Coarse-detrital deposits predominate in the composition of the rocks that form the bottom of the sea in the coastal zone: pebbles, gravel, sand. With distance from the coast, they are replaced by fine-grained sands and silts. In the northwestern part of the Black Sea, shell rocks are widespread; for the slope and bed of the sea trough, pelitic silts are common. Among the main minerals, which are found on the seabed: oil and natural gas on the northwestern shelf; coastal placers of titanomagnetite sands (Taman Peninsula, Caucasus coast).
The Black Sea is the world's largest meromictic (unmixed water levels) body of water. The upper layer of water (mixolimnion), lying down to a depth of 150 m, cooler, less dense and less salty, saturated with oxygen, is separated from the lower, warmer, salty and dense layer saturated with hydrogen sulfide (monimolimnion) by chemocline (the boundary layer between aerobic and anaerobic zones).
There is still no single generally accepted explanation for the origin of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. It is believed that hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea is formed mainly as a result of the vital activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, pronounced water stratification and weak vertical exchange. There is also a theory that hydrogen sulfide was formed as a result of the decomposition of freshwater animals that died when the salty Mediterranean waters penetrated during the formation of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. Some studies in recent years make it possible to speak of the Black Sea as a giant reservoir of not only hydrogen sulfide, but also methane released, most likely, in the course of the activity of microorganisms, as well as from the bottom of the sea.
The Black Sea has an almost ocean blue and transparency at a depth of 25 m, and in the depths, as in the oceans, there is eternal darkness. The Black Sea is divided in depth into two zones - oxygen (up to a depth of 150-200 m) and a hydrogen sulfide zone devoid of life (depths below 200 m), which occupies 87% of its water mass. The density of water increases with depth, and its entire mass is in a stagnant state, water exchange is insignificant, there is no oxygen, algae and living things, with the exception of microspiral bacteria. Dwelling in large numbers in the depths of the sea, they decompose the corpses of animals and plants. As a result of their activity, hydrogen sulfide is released, which accumulates at the bottom.
It is believed that over millions of years, bacteria have accumulated over a billion tons of hydrogen sulfide in the sea. Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous gas and can burn and explode. However, the Black Sea is not threatened with explosion, since the percentage of hydrogen sulfide concentration is too small to achieve such an effect. So only the upper layer of the sea, accounting for about 13% of the total water volume, is inhabited by flora and fauna. Hydrobiologists count a little more than 250 species of algae and about 2 thousand species of living organisms in it.
In the Black Sea, the salinity of water on the surface averages 18.5 g / l, near the coasts it is usually somewhat less, but in the shallow waters of Anapa the average salinity reaches 18.7 g / l. The Black Sea water is half as salty than the water in the World Ocean, where the salt level is 35–36 g / l. The lower salinity in the Black Sea compared to the ocean is explained by the large influx of fresh water from the rivers, as well as the flow of water from the Sea of Azov with a lower salinity. Fresh water also contains salt, but in very small quantities, for example, in thirty liters of rain (fresh) water, the amount of salt is only 1 g.
What determines the color of the water in the sea? Some people think it is from the color of the sky. This is not entirely true. The color of water depends on how seawater and its impurities scatter sunlight. The more impurities, sand and other suspended particles in the water, the greener the water. The saltier and cleaner the water, the bluer it is. Many large rivers flow into the Black Sea, which desalinate the water and carry with them many different suspensions, so the water in it is rather greenish-blue, and off the coast it is greener with various shades of emerald.
Climate.
The climate of the Black Sea, due to its mid-continental position, is mainly continental. Only the southern coast of Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus are protected by mountains from cold northern winds and, as a result, have a mild Mediterranean climate. The Atlantic Ocean has a significant influence on the weather over the Black Sea, over which most of the cyclones originate, bringing bad weather and storms to the sea. On the northeastern coast of the sea, especially in the Novorossiysk region, low mountains are not an obstacle for the cold northern air masses, which, rolling over them, cause a strong cold wind (bora). The south-westerly winds usually bring warm and rather humid Mediterranean air masses to the Black Sea region. As a result, most of the sea area is characterized by warm, humid winters and hot dry summers.
It flows into the Black Sea ...
More than 300 rivers and streams carry their fresh waters into the sea, the largest are the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, as well as the smaller Mzymta, Rioni, Kodori, Inguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashli-Irmak, Sakarya ( in the south), Southern Bug (in the north). ... The Black Sea is located inside the Eurasian continent and covers an area of 423 thousand square kilometers. The total length of the coastline is 4340 km. Through the Kerch and Bospor straits, the Black Sea exchanges waters with the Azov and Marmara seas, respectively.
Among all the seas, the Black Sea is the most important for us. Our genetic memory is connected with it, going from the times when this sea was called “Russian” through the Soviet era, when the Black Sea remained the most “national” and dear one.1. Hospitable / Inhospitable
By the number of names, the Black Sea may well be considered the champion among the seas. More than twenty names of this reservoir are known. Because of the inconvenience of navigation, the first ancient Greek colonists named it Pontus Aksinsky, which translates as “inhospitable sea”. Then, when the sea had already been mastered, the same Greeks began to call it Pontus Eusinsky, that is, “the hospitable sea”. Other historical names of the Black Sea are Temarun, Cimmerian, Akhshaena, Blue, Tauride, Ocean, Surozh, Svyatoye.
In Russia, from the 10th to the 16th century, the Black Sea was called either the “Russian” or “Scythian” sea.
2. Why the Black Sea is “black”
Why did the Black Sea become “black”? Nobody can answer this question unequivocally. According to one version, this name came from the color designation of parts of the world, where the North was marked in black, and the Black Sea was considered just the northern sea. According to another version, the Black Sea became so called due to the fact that any metal objects, lowered to its depth, become black due to the hydrogen sulfide contained in the water.
3. Constantly growing
The Black Sea is constantly growing. Over a century, its shores expand by 20-25 centimeters. This may seem insignificant if you do not know that the Black Sea already stores the ancient cities of Taman in its depths.
4. Points Knipovich
If you look at the scheme of the Black Sea currents, you can see two looped whirlpools with a wavelength of 300-400 kilometers. They are shaped like glasses. In honor of the oceanologist Nikolai Knipovich, who was the first to describe the Black Sea currents, this scheme was called “Knipovich's glasses”.
5. Harmless shark
Sharks - katrans are found in the Black Sea. They are very small - no more than a meter in length, and are not dangerous for bathers, since they keep cold waters, rarely come to the shore and, in principle, are afraid of people.
They can only pose a threat to fishermen. The thorns located on the dorsal fin of the shark are poisonous. The substance, which is contained in the liver of katran, helps to cure some forms of cancer and is included in the drug "Katrex".
6. Dangers
In addition to practically harmless sharks, there are also quite dangerous creatures in the Black Sea. Such, for example, as the Black Sea scorpion fish. Poisonous thorns located on its back can cause a lot of suffering to those who prick on them. Also, sea dragons (poisonous thorns on the dorsal fin) and stingray stingray can pose a threat. In the event of a collision with any of these marine life, you must immediately seek help from the emergency room and, at a minimum, take antihistamines.
7. Sea of Dead Depths
Another name for the Black Sea sounds very ominous - “the sea of the dead depths”. The fact is that there is practically no life in the Black Sea deeper than 150-200 meters due to the high percentage of hydrogen sulfide contained in the deep layers of water. Over millions of years, the Black Sea has accumulated more than a billion tons of this substance, which is a product of the vital activity of bacteria. According to one of the versions, the very appearance of the Black Sea (7500 years ago) was associated with the mass death of freshwater inhabitants of the Black Sea lake that was once here. From this, reserves of hydrogen sulfide and methane began to accumulate at its bottom. via