Natural fires presentation of the Belarusian Railways. Fundamentals of life safety “natural fires” - presentation. ISO classification

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introduce the dangers that forest fires entail; develop skills safe behavior with fire.

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Objectives: be able to explain what a fire is, under what conditions a fire ignites and how it burns; know that fire is dangerous and in some cases only adults can light it and supervise it; be able to explain the difference between bad and good fire; be able to explain what to do if they see a fire in the forest or a burning fire; be able to explain the role and significance of forests for humans; be able to explain how animals survive forest fires; be able to explain the positive and negative consequences forest fires; know who fights forest fires, name the responsibilities of these people.

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What do we call a fire? A fire is an uncontrolled combustion process that results in the destruction of the environment, valuables, and even the death of a person.

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. Fires cause great losses, often putting human lives at risk. A fire is a fire that is out of human control. In order for a fire to start, three conditions must coincide: the presence of combustible material, the required amount of oxygen to support combustion and ignition from a heat source. It is enough to exclude one of these conditions and the fire will not occur. A fire begins when the ignition temperature of the material is lower than the temperature of the heat source. Among the most common reasons the occurrence of a fire, the following can be noted: human inattention, defects in electrical installations or heating devices, spontaneous combustion, lightning, a greater number of electrical appliances operating from one outlet, etc. Intentional fires also happen.

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Reasons for inattention: smoking in bed and prohibited places; using gasoline to light the stove; cleaning clothes with quickly dissolving substances in poorly ventilated areas or where there is fire; abandoned irons or any other electrical appliances; paper or lampshades too close to a hot light bulb. In addition, a fire can be caused by thrown cigarette butts, the use of fire of any type (candle, gasoline lamp, torch) in fire-hazardous places, the transfusion of flammable liquids near a heat source, and the storage of various materials together that spontaneously ignite on contact. Spontaneous combustion occurs from compression of flammable material. This often happens when storing wet hay.

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Causes of forest fires. thrown burning match, cigarette butt; an unextinguished fire; smoldering hunting wads made of tow or paper; people burning grass in forest clearings, clearings or stubble in a field near a forest; a piece of glass can focus the sun's rays like an incendiary lens; chores in the forest are carried out in violation of safety regulations (uprooting forests with explosions, burning garbage, building roads); burning of logging residues at cutting sites by careless loggers; burning last year's dry grass.

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What types of fires are there? Grassroots or fugitive. The fire moves along the surface of the soil and burns forest litter, grass, small branches, dead wood and undergrowth. Burns the lower butt parts of tree trunks. Spruce and fir, which have thin bark, are especially damaged. The speed of fire during a ground fire is from 40 to 100 m/h. This is the most common type of forest fire. In a ground fire, the smoke is light gray in color. A quick fire, especially at the beginning, can be stopped by being overwhelmed by branches.

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In a crown fire, the flames engulf the crowns of trees. The sea of fire moves at a speed of 2 - 5 km/h, capturing large areas and causing terrible destruction. Crown fires are the most dangerous and difficult to fight. The smoke from a crown fire is dark gray. It is impossible to extinguish such a fire with water. To combat it, they cut explosive gaps or send counter fire.

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UNDERGROUND FIRE. In an underground fire, humus and peat burn. The fire moves at a speed of several meters per day, and often does not reach the surface. Trees in the fire area fall. This creates severe clutter and increases the overall threat of fire in the future. The smoke from an underground fire is acrid, with a strong smell of peat. The edge of the fire is not always visible, so there is a danger of falling into the burning peat. Weak fires - speed 1 m/min and flame height no more than 1.5 meters. Medium fires - speed up to 3 m/min and flame height 1.5 meters. Severe fires - speed over 3 m/min and flame height over 1.5 meters.

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Fires destroy huge reserves of “green gold”, which are catastrophically declining due to massive logging by the state and poachers, pollution natural environment; young people die due to imperfect logging equipment; forest - restoration does not compensate for deforestation; untimely and insufficient preparation for the fire hazard period. Forest fires – current problem not only Russia, but also the world. Large fires cause serious harm to nature. It takes decades, even centuries, to restore an ecosystem. Soil erosion begins in burned areas. Ash is washed away by rain into rivers and lakes, the mineral composition in them changes, this affects the inhabitants of reservoirs. Preserving forests from fires will help reduce the phenomenon of global warming and regulate the gas composition of the atmosphere of our planet.

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1. Legalize strict liability of managers of forestry and logging enterprises, both public and private, for unnatural fires that occur on their territory. 2. In turn, farm managers should bet on as much as possible high level fire prevention measures, specific people should be responsible for this. 3. The State Traffic Inspectorate must develop rules against fire safety, which must be strictly observed by all motor vehicles and motorists. Along with a fire extinguisher, every car should have the following rules during fire danger. 4. In small units, during fire danger periods, conduct weekly conversations and lectures on fire safety. 5. People working on tractors and other equipment must keep it clean.

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6. Forestry authorities should install more posters and notices along the roads about protecting forests from fires and the importance of forests. 7. In towns, villages, villages, hold gatherings before the start of the fire danger period, warn about the responsibility of the population for guests coming on vacation. 8. In the most visited places of the village there should be bright posters about the dangers of forest fires and the causes of their occurrence. 9. In schools, before the summer holidays, classes should have conversations about fires. To the heads of all health institutions in summer period we need to be more vigilant and carry out preventive fire prevention measures.

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HOW CAN WE HELP ADULTS PREVENT FIRES? A person who knows well the damage from fires, the causes of fires; will never be the culprit of them, so you need to teach your child from childhood a competent relationship with fire. 1. We decided to conduct classes in primary classes on the topic “Fire – friend or foe?”: - Fire, its good and bad sides. -Fires. Forest fires, their causes. How to behave in case of fires. -How to make a fire correctly when you need one. - About the meaning of the forest. 2. We will hold a drawing competition about fires at school and arrange an exhibition of drawings. 3. During the fire-hazardous period, our class will become a “Forest Knight” detachment, whose responsibilities will include: patrolling the outskirts of the village in order to prevent fires, cutting down trees, and pollution from household waste; We will ask the head of the peasant farm and the forestry enterprise to build posts when leaving the village, at which we will be on duty together with adults; we will write and distribute leaflets throughout the village during the entire fire danger period; We will hold a procession through the village with posters about protecting the forest from fires on June 5.

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Results. Fewer fires means more forests, more oxygen, cleaner atmosphere. More berries, mushrooms, game, animals - everyone will benefit! Forest fire prevention has many specific objectives with one common goal: Reduce the number of forest fires. One of these tasks relates to children school age, that is, to us, the students. We set ourselves the goal: to improve the awareness of our school students about fire safety, to expand their knowledge and ours in this area, to form the correct attitude of children towards the danger that can occur from a fire. So that the guys, in turn, carry the information they receive to their families, friends and acquaintances. The student must learn to receive and retain information. Once a student develops the ability to retain information, this means that he is able to apply the acquired knowledge in daily practice, as well as transfer it to others.

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This provides an opportunity for students and teacher to focus on environment and provides an opportunity for explanation and exchange of views about aspects of fire and forest fire prevention. Informational conversations in classes can be carried out in the form of role-playing games, competitions with the demonstration of drawings on the topic, and conducting experiments. Children should be given time to socialize with their classmates. This allows the teacher to recognize misunderstandings by students of this material. We propose: Conduct a fire prevention campaign in every school; with the help of parents, create booklets on fire safety and talk about the rules of behavior during a fire; with information about fire safety (in the form of dramatization, fairy tales, games) visit kindergarten; parents can organize a performance by a group of children on fire safety in their work groups. Everyone should understand that the child must be given the opportunity to share his knowledge about fire prevention at any time with his classmates or in the organization where his parents work. This fact is decisive, since it allows children not only to learn the material themselves, but also to pass on the acquired knowledge to other people.

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Ministry of Education of the Nizhny Novgorod Region

GBPOU "Urensky Industrial and Energy College"

On the topic: “Forest fires”

What are forest fires

forest fire- spontaneous, uncontrolled spread of fire across forest squares. The causes of fires in forests are usually divided into natural and anthropogenic. The most common natural causes of large forest fires on Earth are usually lightning .

Ground fire
Burns out in a ground fire forest floor , lichens , mosses, grass, branches that have fallen to the ground, etc. The speed of fire movement in the wind is 0.25-5 km/h. Flame height up to 2.5 m. Combustion temperature about 700 °C (sometimes higher).

Horse fire
A crown forest fire covers leaves, needles, branches, and the entire crown; it can cover (in the event of a general fire) the grass-moss cover of the soil and undergrowth. Spread speed from 5-70 km/h. Temperature from 900 °C to 1200 °C. They usually develop in dry, windy weather from ground fire in plantings with low crowns, in plantings of different ages, as well as with abundant coniferous undergrowth. A crown fire is usually the final stage of a fire. The area of distribution is ovoid-elongated.

Underground fire
Underground (soil) fires in forests are most often associated with fire peat, which becomes possible as a result drainage swamps. They spread at a speed of up to 1 km per day. They can be barely noticeable and spread to a depth of several meters, as a result of which they pose an additional danger and are extremely difficult to extinguish (Peat can burn without access to air and even under water). To extinguish such fires, preliminary reconnaissance is necessary.

Classification of forest fires by severity

Based on the speed of fire spread, ground and crown fires are divided into stable and fugitive. Spread speed:

Weak ground fire does not exceed 1 m/min (Height of weak ground fire up to 0.5 m)

Average from 1 m/min to 3 m/min (medium height - up to 1.5 m)

Strong over 3 m/min. (Strong height - over 1.5 m)

Crown fire, speed of spread:

Weak up to 3 m/min,

Average up to 100 m/min,

Strong over 100 m/min.

The strength of a soil fire is determined by the depth of burnout:

A weak soil (underground) fire is considered to be one in which the burning depth does not exceed 25 cm,

Average - 25-50 cm,

Strong - more than 50 cm.

Area Rating:

Fire - engulfed in fire 0.1-2 hectare

Small - 2-20 ha

Medium - 20-200 ha

Large - 200-2000 ha

Catastrophic - more than 2000 hectares

The average duration of large forest fires is 10-15 days with a burned area of 450-500 hectares

Existing methods for assessing forest fire conditions make it possible to determine the area and perimeter of the zone possible fires in the region (region, district). The initial data are the value of the forest fire coefficient and the time of fire development.
The value of the forest fire coefficient depends on natural conditions and year.
The time of fire development is determined by the time of arrival of forces and means of extinguishing the fire in the forest fire zone.

Counter fire
Counter fire (counter fire, annealing) is a method of extinguishing forest fires, in which a fire launched towards the fire burns flammable materials in the path of the main wall of fire. With this method of extinguishing, the forest floor is burned in front of the approaching fire front. This increases the width of the obstacle through which fire or sparks from the main fire could be transferred. The method is most effective in localizing and extinguishing crown forest fires, as well as ground-level forest fires of high and medium intensity

Shock wave extinguishing
A known method of extinguishing forest fires explosion, based on the use of a cord charge explosive, initiating agent and flexible reflective screen. The reflective screen and explosive charge are suspended in the forest canopy in the path of the fire. The explosive charge is then detonated in front of the forest front fire, thereby stopping its further spread. This method has disadvantages that reduce the effectiveness of its use, namely: incomplete use of explosion energy due to the fact that the flexible screen is deformed (and often breaks) under the action of the incident shock wave, as a result of which the energy is partially dissipated in space and behind the screen .

Since fires, especially long ones, significantly change the composition air environment, there is concern about their harm to human health, namely: possible harm to the respiratory system and the circulatory system.
According to two years of research in Chita Ecology Laboratory of the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Ecology, during the period of forest fires in Chita, the number of people seeking emergency medical services increased medical care by 3-4 times and mortality - by 10-13 times.

Indirect signs of a fire can be seen from a long distance: persistent burning smell brought by the wind, foggy smoke; restless behavior of animals, birds, insects, their migration in one direction, night flight and loud cries of birds; night glow at one of the points on the horizon; reflections of light on low clouds.
Forests are most prone to fire during dry weather. But even at the end of spring - at the beginning of summer, when there is a lot of dry leaves and grass from last year on the surface of the earth, a fire can easily break out.

It is necessary to quickly but thoroughly analyze the situation: first of all, the direction and strength of the wind, the terrain. Determine the source of the fire, the direction and speed of its spread and immediately begin to move to a safe place, using the map as your guide. If the fire front is quickly approaching, throw away some of the equipment, leaving only an “emergency” backpack, first aid kit, signaling means and food. As you move, you need to remember places of “relative safety” (small rivers, lakes, clearings, forest edges), to which you can return if necessary.

Small fires - burning bushes, grass - must be extinguished immediately. Fill the flame with water, cover it with sand, earth, cover it with pieces of tarpaulin, trample it, knock it down with wet rags, clothes, bunches of damp leaves, spruce branches. It is better to hit from the side, towards the fire, with a little pressure after the blow.

It is only necessary to go to the windward side (go into the wind), bypassing the fire from the side.

Classification of forest fires According to the nature of spread According to the speed of fire spread and the height of the flame Grassroots Underground Weak Average Strong Top Answers:

Testing What should you do if you find yourself in a forest where there is a fire? Find one wrong answer. 1. Shout “guard”; 2. Determine the wind direction; 3. Quickly leave the forest in the windward direction; 4. Determine the direction of fire spread.

Testing How will you get out of the forest fire zone? Find one correct answer. 1.In the wind, protecting the respiratory organs with a piece of cloth soaked in water, gauze bandage and so on. 2.In the windward direction, perpendicular to the edge of the fire, using open spaces: roads, clearings, banks of streams and rivers. 3. Feeling the way with a pole along the bed of a forest river, if possible perpendicular to the direction of the wind or at an angle of 45 degrees to it.

Testing What will you do if a peat bog is on fire? Find one correct answer. 1. Try to extinguish it by covering it with leafy brooms or filling the leading edge of the fire with soil. 2. Go around it, moving against the wind, carefully examining and feeling the road in front of you with a pole or long stick. 3.You will move with the wind in such a way that the smoke, catching up with you, does not complicate your orientation.

Fire classes Fire class Fire area, ha Burning 0.1-0.2 Small fire 0.2-2.0 Small fire 2.1-20 Medium fire Major fire Catastrophic fire More than 2000

Used literature and Internet resources?SECTION_ID=2351 Video materials “Rules of conduct in emergencies”, video “Fires” ?SECTION_ID=2351 Song “Forest fires” from the film “Taiga Romance”

Used literature and Internet resources: horse forest fire underground fire peat fire causes and methods of combating peat fires anthropogenic causes of fires ground forest fire svg/800px-Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity_ svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity_ svg/ 800px-Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population_dencity_ svg. png map “Population density of Russia” Natural areas Russia. padlock matvey.kiev.ua/photos/melitopol-4/glade.jpgmatvey.kiev.ua/photos/melitopol-4/glade.jpg path forest fire test on natural fires The third edition of the series “Learning with Passion” of the Civil Defense Education Center Emergency Vologda region, exam for teachers Vologda, st. Chelyuskintsev 34 Educational and methodological Center for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the Vologda Region (Test on wild fires)

Lightning heat, degree IR physical map of Russia part 1 physical map of Russia part 2 img_url= img_url= Arkady Tishkov burning reeds map of fires in Russia from satellite ground forest fire OK_web_enl.jpghttp:// OK_web_enl.jpg Transport network of Russia, map Area of fires in Russia and the area of the state of Tunisia POPS formula Used literature and Internet resources Fundamentals of life safety: a textbook for 7th grade of educational institutions / S.N. Vangorodsky, M.I. Petrov, V.N. Latchuk, V.V. Markov – 7th ed. – M.: Bustard, 2005.

“Natural fires” - A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spontaneously spreads through a forest area. Damaging factors forest and peat fires. The largest forest fire in history in the lower reaches of the Dnieper... Forest fire. According to the nature of their spread, forest fires are divided into types. Weak, average, strong.

"Fire in the Forest" - . Stable. Forest fires are usually divided into ground fires, crown fires and underground fires (peat, soil). (Human). The soldiers are tired. (Lightning and drought). Horse (runaway) fire: Natural. Anthropogenic.

“Peat fires” - The flame reaches 5-50 cm and the speed is 0.5-1 m/min. LESSON ON FUNDAMENTALS OF LIFE SAFETY 7TH GRADE COMPLETED BY: E.V. PLOTNIKOVA, life safety teacher. Peat can spontaneously ignite and burn without access to air. Such an expensive board requires careful and careful handling of fire.” Horse fires. Type of fires.

"Fire fighting equipment" - Qualification - engineer. Major disciplines. The head of the department is Evgeniy Grigorievich Tsarev. Entrance tests– United State exam Mathematics Physics Russian language. Graduate department – Security technological processes and production Fire safety. Passing score – 178 Competition – 2.7 people per place Number budget places– 10 Tuition fee – 40,000 rubles.

"Fire Situation" - Classification emergency situations. 500-1000. 300-500. In the fences.<10. Исполнительная власть субъекта РФ. >5 million. Topic No. 1. Theoretical basis forecasting the fire situation. Class E Electrical equipment under voltage. Underground. Local government bodies.

“Forest and Fire” - N. Gumilyov. Grandfather moved on. But suddenly he became alarmed: from the south, from the side of Lopukhov, there was a strong smell of smoke. The forests were as dry as gunpowder. Natural. The crown fire is being extinguished with the help of aircraft. What are you making noise about in the leaves on a dark, stormy night? The wind got stronger. It spreads at a speed of up to 1 km per day. Anthropogenic.

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