Safety during a nuclear explosion, fire fighting. Introduction to the course "Basics of organizing fire extinguishing and carrying out emergency rescue operations (fire tactics)" Detailed lesson plan

According to the principle of stopping combustion, fire extinguishing methods are divided into 4 groups: 1 methods based on the principle of cooling the combustion zone or burning substance; 2 methods based on the principle of isolating reacting substances from the combustion zone; 3 methods based on the principle of diluting reacting substances; 4 methods based on the principle of chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction. Cooling methods: continuous jets of water, sprayed, mixing flammable substances... Methods of dilution: jets of finely sprayed water, gas-water jets of AGVT, dilution of gas liquids with water, dilution with non-flammable vapors and gases... Methods of insulation: a layer of foam, a layer of explosive explosion products, creating a gap in the fuel substance, layer fire extinguishing powder, fire retardant strips... Methods of chemical inhibition of the reaction: fire extinguishing powder, halocarbons. Extinguishing techniques are Cooling OS: water, a solution of water with a wetting agent, solid carbon dioxide (in snow-like form), aqueous solutions of salts. OS insulation: chemical and air-mechanical fire extinguishing foam; fire extinguishing powder compositions: PS, PSB-3, SI-2. P-1A; non-flammable bulk materials (sand, slag, fluxes, graphite...), sheet materials (bedspreads, panels...) dilution agents: inert gases (CO 2 , N 2 , Ar); flue gases; water vapor; finely sprayed water; gas-water mixtures; explosive explosion products; volatile inhibitors formed during the decomposition of halocarbons. OS chem. reaction inhibition: halohydrocarbons: ethyl bromide, freons 114B2 (tetrafluorodibromomethane) and 13B1 (trifluorobromomethane); compositions based on halohydrocarbons: 3, 5, 4ND, 7, BM, BF-1, BF-2; ethyl-water solutions (emulsions), fire extinguishing powder compositions. IN and materials, has low viscosity and incompressibility. Negative properties of water: electrically conductive, has a high density (not used for extinguishing oil products as the main OS), capable of reacting with some materials and reacting violently with them (lead azide explodes when humidity increases to 30%; potassium, calcium, sodium, rubidium , metallic cesium reacts with water to release hydrogen, an explosion is possible, when compact jets are fed into the bitumen, an emission occurs and combustion intensifies...); has a low utilization rate in the form of compact jets (explain); has quite high t-ru freezing and high surface tension -72.8 * 10 3 J/m 2 (show what this affects). The fire extinguishing ability of water is determined by the cooling effect, dilution of the flammable medium by vapors formed during evaporation and mechanical effect on the burning substance, i.e. flame failure. The cooling effect of water is determined by the significant values ​​of its heat capacity and heat of vaporization. The diluting effect, leading to a decrease in the oxygen content in the surrounding air, is due to the fact that the volume of steam is 1700 times greater than the volume of evaporated water. Along with this, water has properties that limit its scope of application. Thus, when extinguishing with water, oil products and many other flammable liquids float and continue to burn on the surface, so water may be ineffective in extinguishing them. The fire extinguishing effect when extinguishing with water in such cases can be increased by supplying it in a sprayed state. Water containing various salts and supplied in a compact jet has significant electrical conductivity, and therefore it cannot be used to extinguish fires in objects whose equipment is energized. Fires are extinguished with water using water fire extinguishing installations, fire trucks and water nozzles (manual and fire monitors). To supply water to these installations, they use industrial enterprises and in populated areas water pipes. install internal fire hydrants. According to the method of creating water pressure, fire water pipelines are divided into high and low pressure water supply systems. High-pressure fire water pipelines are arranged in such a way that the pressure in the water supply is always sufficient to directly supply water from hydrants or stationary monitors to the fire site. From low-pressure water supply systems, mobile fire pumps or motor pumps take water through fire hydrants and supply it under the required pressure to the fire site. Water fire extinguishing installations include sprinkler and deluge installations. They are a branched, water-filled pipe system equipped with special heads. In the event of a fire, the system reacts (in different ways, depending on the type) and irrigates the structures of the room and equipment in the area of ​​​​action of the heads. Water with a wetting agent. Reduced surface tension (up to 36.4 * 10 3 J/m 2). Good penetrating ability (when extinguishing fibrous materials, peat, soot...). Allows you to reduce water consumption by 30-50%, as well as continue to extinguish the fire. foam is determined by its multiplicity - the ratio of the volume of foam to the volume of its liquid phase, durability, dispersibility and viscosity. In addition to its physical and chemical properties, these properties of the foam are influenced by the nature of the flammable substance, the conditions of the fire and the supply of foam. Depending on the method and conditions of production, fire extinguishing foams are divided into chemical and air-mechanical. Chemical foam is formed by the interaction of solutions of acids and alkalis in the presence of a foaming agent and is a concentrated emulsion of carbon dioxide in an aqueous solution of mineral salts containing a foaming agent. The use of chemical foam is being reduced due to the high cost and complexity of organizing fire extinguishing. Foam-generating equipment includes air-foam barrels for producing low-expansion foam, foam generators and foam sprinklers for producing medium-expansion foam. Gases When extinguishing fires with inert gaseous diluents, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, flue or exhaust gases, steam, as well as argon and other gases are used. The fire extinguishing effect of these compounds is to dilute the air and reduce the oxygen content in it to a concentration at which combustion stops. The fire extinguishing effect when diluted with these gases is caused by heat losses due to heating of the diluents and a decrease in the thermal effect of the reaction. Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) occupies a special place among fire extinguishing compounds, which is used to extinguish flammable liquid warehouses, battery stations, drying ovens, electric motor testing stands, etc. It should be remembered, however, that carbon dioxide cannot be used to extinguish substances whose molecules include oxygen, alkali and alkaline earth metals, as well as smoldering materials. To extinguish these substances, nitrogen or argon is used, and the latter is used in cases where there is a danger of the formation of metal nitrides with explosive properties and shock sensitivity. IN Lately a significant cooling effect is achieved and the limitation associated with the possible destruction of weakened openings is eliminated, since when liquefied gases are supplied, a soft filling mode is created without a dangerous increase in pressure. Inhibitors All fire extinguishing compounds described above have a passive effect on the flame. More promising are fire extinguishing agents that effectively inhibit chemical reactions in the flame, i.e. have an inhibitory effect on them. The most widely used fire extinguishing compounds are inhibitors based on saturated hydrocarbons, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine). Halocarbons are poorly soluble in water, but mix well with many organic substances. The fire extinguishing properties of halogenated hydrocarbons increase with increasing sea mass of the halogen they contain. Halocarbon compositions are convenient for fire extinguishing physical properties. Thus, high density values ​​of liquid and vapor make it possible to create a fire extinguishing jet and the penetration of droplets into the flame, as well as retention of fire extinguishing vapors near the combustion source. Low temperatures freezing allows these compounds to be used at sub-zero temperatures. IN last years Powder compositions based on inorganic salts are used as fire extinguishing agents. alkali metals

№
. They are characterized by high fire extinguishing efficiency and versatility, i.e. the ability to extinguish any materials, including those that cannot be extinguished by all other means.
Powder formulations
are, in particular, the only means of extinguishing fires of alkali metals, organoaluminum and other organometallic compounds (they are produced by industry on the basis of sodium and potassium carbonates and bicarbonates, phosphorus-ammonium salts, lead-based powder for extinguishing metals, etc.).
Powders have a number of advantages over halohydrocarbons: they and their decomposition products are not dangerous to human health; As a rule, they do not have a corrosive effect on metals; protect people fighting fires from thermal radiation.
p.p.
1 2 3 4
Study questions Vre
me
5
min.
Contents of the study question
1. Preparatory
2.
2.1
Part.
min
Checking the availability of all personnel; announcement of the topic and goals
classes.
Main part.
Subject, goals and
course objectives
"Basics
organizations
extinguishing
fires and
carrying out
emergency
rescue
carrying out
works." Place
fire department
taking into account
requirements
regulatory
acts and
leading
documents,
level
carrying out
security
protected
district (object)
and readiness
divisions,
fire -
tactical
training in
new educational
year and her
content.
80
min.
40
min.
Fire tactics is a set of combat operations in
organizing department efforts fire department For
successful extinguishing of the fire in the size it took
by the time fire departments arrive and rescue
people in case of threat to their life.
Learning Objectives:
- acquisition personnel units of the State Border Service and
improving combat skills
fires,
- training personnel to be skilled and efficient
actions as part of a squad, guard,
improvement of fire tactical knowledge and
practical skills of commanding staff of units
GPS for controlling combat operations during a fire.
The procedure for organizing fire extinguishing in fire department garrisons
protection is established by the State Fire Service.
The procedure for attracting forces and means to extinguish fires
determined by the State Fire Service and
states:
· at the interregional level - by federal authorities
state power;
· at the territorial and local levels - respectively
state authorities of the subjects Russian Federation And
local government bodies.
Departure of fire departments to extinguish fires and
participation in their liquidation is carried out unconditionally and on
free of charge, unless otherwise provided by law
Russian Federation.
The organization of fire extinguishing provides organizational
activities aimed at providing conditions for successful
combat operations to extinguish fires.
Such events include:
· creation of fire departments, equipping them
equipment and fire extinguishing agents;
· organization of communication and interaction between firefighters
divisions and vital services of the city (region).
· development operational documents service, training and
fire extinguishing;
· maintaining high combat readiness of units;
· logistics support for fire departments.
The success of fire extinguishing can be achieved not only thanks to
active and skillful combat operations, but also as a result
implementation of activities,
provided for by the organization system. All events on
organizing fire extinguishing in cities and towns
aimed at timely arrival of fire departments to
the location of the fire and the introduction of fire extinguishing agents. Fires in
modern buildings and structures confirm that the influence of the factor
time is increasing more and more. When creating divisions
take into account the size of the city, population, fire
danger of objects, features of development and city planning,
settlement.
Fire prevention measures that contribute to successful
fire extinguishing (providing water, communications, and
alarms, driveways and entrances to buildings, structures and
water sources, construction of fire zones, barriers and breaks
etc.) is performed during the construction and operation of buildings and
structures in accordance with current SNiP, as well as the Rules
fire safety. Developing organizational activities
extinguishing fires, it is important to create conditions that allow the first
fire department to arrive at the scene of the call and introduce means
extinguishing in the initial stage of a fire, when to eliminate the fire
minimal effort and resources are required. From time to time
detection before the start of extinguishing, i.e. time of free (τsv) development
fire (min) can be determined by the formula:
(6.1)
where τtob is the time from the moment of fire occurrence to its
detection, min; τsl – travel time to fire, min; τbr – time
combat deployment, min.
All time values ​​have a direct connection with the organization of extinguishing
fires, the struggle to reduce each of them is a daily task
fire departments. According to the requirements of construction
norms and regulations (SNiP) and fire protection regulations, number of firefighters
parts in the city is determined taking into account that the route
fire station in the exit area did not exceed 5 km, with such
placement fire Department will be able to arrive at a fire within 8-10
minutes from the moment of the call.
The service radius of one fire station can also be determined by
time of arrival to the fire site, at the furthest distance from
fire department. This is especially important in major cities, where is the average
the speed of movement of vehicles decreases from year to year, therefore
with the same exit radius, time of arrival to the fire site
increases. Already in the 90s, the average speed of firefighters
cars amounted to up to 30 km/h in cities, in rural areas - up to
40 km/h.
The downward trend in speed will continue, so
It is advisable to determine the service radius based on time
arrival, which should be 8-10 minutes for the first
fire departments. If we take into account that some interval
time will be spent on combat deployment, then the forces and means
will be put into extinguishing only after 10-15 minutes in the most ideal
cases, and in others - more, therefore it is more appropriate
standardize the time of arrival to a fire, and not the service radius.
Number of main and special fire trucks in
duty guard of the fire department depends on the characteristics of the area
(object). Currently, in the combat crew of the fire department in
mainly tanker trucks and only a small part (10-
15%) are car pumps, i.e. in the combat guard crew
There are basically two compartments on tank trucks at the same time.
This approach is economically justified, because most fires are put out
from tank trucks and only about 10% using pump trucks or
installation of tank trucks at a water source.
There are areas where the fire department cannot respond in a timely manner.
arrive. In this case, separate posts (guards) are created,
serving individual areas in the area where the fire department exits.
The characteristics of a city, district or object regulate the number
and view special vehicles. For example, firefighters
aerial ladders and articulated lifts are used to supply parts in
in the exit area of ​​which there are buildings of 5 floors or more, based on
approximately one staircase for every 50 thousand people. How
As a rule, there is one ladder truck for two fire stations.
Mobile pumping stations with sleeve cars,
cars foam extinguishing, communications and lighting, technical input into
combat crews, as a rule, at strong points in cities, regions and
republican centers or fire hazardous facilities.
Fire departments for the protection of facilities are organized based on
economic significance of the object. Fire service radius
units for the protection of objects is normalized from 2 to 4 km depending on
categories fire danger technological process,
fire resistance of buildings and structures.
Carrying out emergency rescue work
Carrying out emergency rescue operations - urgent actions
fire and rescue crews to save people
in case of fires and other emergencies and is a set of measures to
movement of people from the affected area hazardous factors or
protecting people from their secondary manifestations, providing first
medical care victims, as well as evacuation
property.
ASRs are characterized by large volume and limited
time to carry them out, the complexity of the situation and
the utmost effort of all personnel. They
are carried out continuously day and night, in any weather until
stabilization of the situation. This is ensured by high
readiness of units, high training and
psychological toughness, stable and continuous
management of subordinate units and attachments
formations and their comprehensive support.
ASR include:
searching for people and moving them from damaged and burning
buildings (structures, Vehicle), gassed,
smoke-filled and flooded rooms or rubble, when
necessary, with the implementation of measures to
preventing panic.
opening of destroyed, damaged or littered
premises and rescue of people in them;
opening of damaged hulls (bodies, fuselages)
vehicles and rescue of people in them;
air supply to blocked rooms to ensure
the lives of the people there;
providing first aid to victims;
organization of evacuation material assets from dangerous
zones;
strengthening and collapsing structures of buildings and structures,
threatening collapse and preventing safe
carrying out work.
Place and method of conducting ASR, ensuring
greatest safety must be determined in each
specific case according to intelligence data, depending on
states of people being rescued, type of object, state
engineering equipment and communications, properties
products of production circulating in them, as well as the state
main and alternate evacuation routes and technical
equipping the facility with warning systems, emergency
lighting, smoke removal, nature of the blockage and tactical
technical capabilities of firefighters (fire and rescue)
divisions.
2.2 State
fire protection
I am the Ministry of Emergency Situations
Russia –
functional
subsystem
Russian
systems
warnings
and actions in
emergency
situations
(RSChS). Goals,
tasks and
functions
subsystems
RSChS.
40
Powders have a number of advantages over halohydrocarbons: they and their decomposition products are not dangerous to human health; As a rule, they do not have a corrosive effect on metals; protect people fighting fires from thermal radiation.
ASR is carried out at the direction of the RTP (RASR).
Rescue of people is organized and carried out in the event that
If:
people are threatened by fire, high temperature, danger
explosion or collapse of structures, or the premises where they
are filled with smoke (toxic combustion products and
decomposition of substances and materials) or other hazardous gases;
people cannot leave dangerous places on their own when
fire or other emergency;
there is a threat of fire, smoke, and hazardous substances spreading along the tracks
evacuation;
provides for the use of life-threatening
fire extinguishing agents and compositions.
The main ways to save people and property
are:
moving them, including descent or ascent from
using special technical means, to safety
place;
protecting them from exposure to hazardous factors and their secondary
manifestations.
The safest routes are chosen to save people
and methods. These ways could be:
main entrances and exits;
emergency exits;
window openings and balconies using technical
funds;
hatches if you can access a safe area through them;
openings made in building structures
buildings, (structures) and hulls (bodies, fuselages)
vehicles for moving victims.
Moving rescued people to safety
carried out taking into account fire extinguishing conditions or
carrying out ASR, as well as the condition of the victims through:
organizing their independent exit from the danger zone;
removing or removing them from the danger zone.
Protection of rescued people from exposure to hazardous factors
fire, accident, catastrophe and natural Disasters natural and
technogenic nature is carried out in the process of their
moving to a safe place, and also if it is impossible
carrying out such a movement.
This protection must be carried out using
possibly more effective means and techniques, including
use of respiratory protection equipment, through
supply of fire extinguishing agents for cooling (protection)
structures, equipment, facilities, temperature reduction in
premises, smoke removal, explosion prevention or
ignition of substances and materials.
When saving people from upper floors buildings with
destroyed, damaged, smoke-filled staircases
The cells use the following basic means:
ladders, car lifts and other machines;
stationary and manual fire escapes;
rescue devices (rescue hoses, ropes,
ladders; personal rescue devices, etc.);
respiratory protection equipment;
emergency rescue equipment and devices;
aircrafts;
In exceptional cases for conducting rescue operations
work is allowed:
production and installation of suspended or attached
stairs, gangways, passages;
use of inflatable and shock-absorbing devices.
Rescue of people and property in a fire with sufficient
amount of forces and means is carried out simultaneously with other
main (main) actions.
If forces and means are not enough, then they are used only
to save people, other essential activities are not carried out or
are suspended.
Realization of vital interests in the field of protection
population and territories from natural, man-made emergencies,
epidemiological and social nature is called upon
realize component public system
security of Russia - Unified State System
prevention and mitigation of emergency consequences
situations (RSChS). It was formed for the purpose of unifying
efforts of federal and regional bodies executive
authorities, as well as their forces and means in preventing and
liquidation of emergency consequences.
TO RSChS forces relate:
- forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, including Tsentrospas and
PSS, formations and military units of the civil defense system;
- emergency rescue units (ARF)
ministries and departments of the Russian Federation;
- units and subdivisions of the State
fire service Russian Emergency Situations Ministry;
- specially trained units of the Armed Forces
Russian forces involved in eliminating the consequences of emergencies;
- establishment and formation of the All-Russian Service
disaster medicine (VSMC).
3. Final
me
5
Powders have a number of advantages over halohydrocarbons: they and their decomposition products are not dangerous to human health; As a rule, they do not have a corrosive effect on metals; protect people fighting fires from thermal radiation.
Formation of personnel in classroom. Answer
questions raised by personnel.
Announcement of grades and their subsequent publication in the journal.
Self-study task.

Fire fighting is a set of operational-tactical and engineering-technical measures (with the exception of measures to ensure primary fire safety measures) aimed at saving people and property from fire hazards, extinguishing fires and carrying out emergency rescue operations;..."

Source:

Federal Law of December 21, 1994 N 69-FZ (as amended on November 30, 2011) “On Fire Safety” (as amended and supplemented, coming into force on January 1, 2012)

Official terminology.

Akademik.ru.

2012. See what “Fire extinguishing organization” is in other dictionaries:

Kimstach, Igor Fotievich- The significance of the subject of the article is called into question. Please show in the article the significance of its subject by adding evidence of significance according to private criteria of significance or, in the case of private criteria of significance for... ... Wikipedia Department of the State Fire Service of Moscow- UGPS Moscow government agency The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, which heads the system of the State Fire Service of Moscow. To manage within the competence established by legislative and other regulatory legal acts

RF, assigned... ... Dictionary of emergency situations

installation- 4.3 installation: A set of interconnected samples of vehicles or systems installed to perform a specific task in a designated location. Source … time IA of the rotor or stator winding from the temperature reached in the nominal operating mode to the permissible temperature at the maximum temperature environment. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Fire protection- Firefighters fight a fire... Wikipedia

Private fire brigade- Vehicle of the Falck group of companies in Poland Private fire brigade is a type of fire brigade. Contents... Wikipedia

Basic- 1. Basic provisions of the rural telephone communication system. M., TsNIIS, 1974. 145 p. Source: Manual: Rural Telecommunication Network Design Guide 16. Basic provisions for labor accounting and wages V… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

WATER SUPPLY- WATER SUPPLY. I. Water supply to populated areas. Purpose and purpose of water supply. B. organized and regular delivery of water to mass consumers established. quality and in a certain quantity, providing with varying completeness... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Natural fires in Russia in 2010 - Wildfires in Russia (2010) Smoke over European Russia August 4, 2010 ... Wikipedia

Learning Objectives:

acquisition by personnel of State Fire Service units and improvement of skills in conducting basic (main) actions in case of fires and conducting emergency response;

training personnel for skillful and coordinated actions as part of a firefighting, emergency rescue crew, and duty shift;

improvement of fire-tactical knowledge and practical skills of the commanding staff of State Fire Service units in managing the main (main) actions during a fire and during emergency control.

Methodical instructions.

The program for the basics of organizing fire extinguishing and carrying out emergency rescue operations includes the basics of tactics for extinguishing fires and conducting emergency rescue operations, as well as a recommended list of classes for solving fire tactical problems.

If there are specialized firefighting and emergency rescue crews formed outside the organizational structure for extinguishing fires and conducting ASR in high-rise buildings special training The personnel of these calculations are allocated up to 30% of training time.

When creating specialized calculations for another purpose in a GPS unit, the decision on the redistribution of educational time within the specified limits is made only by the head of the body specially authorized to solve problems civil defense, prevention and elimination tasks emergency situations subject of the Russian Federation, which issues an order on the creation and procedure for using such crews during the period of duty and approves the thematic plan for their preparation.

Practical training with on-site visits is conducted by the head of the GPS unit or his deputy. Duration of classes at least two study hours . It is allowed to plan one-hour lessons, provided that the topics are thoroughly studied and practiced. As a fire extinguisher at practical exercises speakers:

Head of duty shift;

the head of a separate post and the head of the fire brigade (for individual posts), unless otherwise established by this Program.

During these classes, mandatory Existing plans and fire extinguishing cards for the relevant facilities are being tested and adjusted.

Tactical and special training for regional specialized detachments and specialized fire extinguishing units are organized and conducted based on the goals and objectives facing the units, taking into account their technical equipment and in accordance with the Tactical Training Guidelines and this Program.

Classes on topics 2-6, 8, 10, 11 and individual topics on the study of operational-tactical features of objects, but no more than five, provided for by the thematic plan of the GPS unit, are allowed to be conducted by the head of the duty shift.

The head of the post conducts classes with the personnel of a separate post, as well as officials divisions of the State Border Service, which includes the post.

The list of objects to be studied in operational-tactical terms is determined, as a rule, by the fire chief of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (fire chief municipality and (or) head of the GPS unit. In this case, priority is given to the study of fire and explosion hazardous objects and objects with large numbers of people. The time limit for studying objects should be 10-20% of total number hours in fire tactical training.

The study and practical training of topics on fire extinguishing and conducting emergency control in high-rise buildings are mandatory for the fire department of the municipality on whose territory there are such buildings. The methodology for conducting classes should include practicing the basic (main) actions for extinguishing a fire and conducting ASR personally by each firefighter and rescuer.