Stages of bankruptcy housing complex. Forced liquidation of housing cooperatives in court: step-by-step instructions. Liquidation procedure of housing cooperatives: step-by-step instructions for owners

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Hello. The bankruptcy of the housing cooperative is in progress. I want to include a penalty and moral injury in the amount of creditors' claims. The text of my agreement with the housing cooperative dated July 29, 2000: the shareholder contributes so much rubles by August 1. Upon completion of construction and commissioning of a 10-storey building housing construction cooperative on the street. the shareholder receives apartment no. 120 with living space. until September 1, 2001 The funds handed over are credited for 100% of the payment of the cost of the apartment under construction. In addition to contributions for construction, the shareholder pays to the housing cooperative funds for household expenses on accounts issued by the housing cooperative. The contract is terminated if the parties violate any conditions under the contract, At the same time, the housing cooperative returns the monetary contributions to the shareholder, with the exception of the contribution for household expenses. I have 2 questions: 1) is it really possible to include it and what is better to refer to; 2) by what law should it be calculated. I heard that, as the building permit was received in 2009 ., then the forfeit should be calculated according to 214 FZ, and not according to the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights. Best regards Irina from Saratov.

make an appointment by phone.,

As a rule, the courts refuse to collect any sanctions from the housing cooperative, because You are, along with other shareholders, a member of the housing cooperative and actually bear financial and other risks associated with the activities of the organization. Moreover, if at the end of the financial year the housing cooperative has a loss, it must be covered by all shareholders. But you can try to apply, since you have an agreement with specific obligations. But in Moscow the practice is mostly negative. Refer to the law on the protection of consumer rights, although it generally does not apply to the relations between the housing cooperative and its members, you can write that in addition to the membership relationship, there is also an agreement. FZ 214 in your case is definitely not applied.

Bankruptcy of non-profit corporations in the housing sector (Sweet Yu.P.)

Date the article was posted: 05/04/2016

There are two types of non-profit corporations operating in housing, - consumer housing (housing construction, housing savings) cooperatives and homeowners' associations. These non-profit organizations carry out activities for the construction and acquisition of residential premises for their members (participants) and (or) management of apartment buildings.<1>.

<1>The current housing legislation does not directly exclude the creation in organizational and legal forms of not commercial organizations and managing organizations. The managing organization is a legal entity, regardless of its organizational and legal form (clause 2 of the Rules for conducting local government open competition for the selection management organization For driving apartment building // Russian newspaper... 2006.22 Feb.). However, since management activities are carried out for the purpose of making a profit, management organizations are usually created in the form of commercial organizations.

<3>SZ RF. 2002. N 43. Art. 4190.

The peculiarities of the sphere of activity of these organizations and the specificity of the formation of their property require the creation of additional guarantees for their members.

The activities of these non-profit organizations are aimed at the implementation of one of the constitutional rights individuals - the right to housing. The presence of a dwelling suitable for permanent residence is recognized as one of the necessary conditions for the prosperous existence of a person.<4>.

<4>International Covenant on Economic, Social and cultural rights(adopted on December 16, 1966 by Resolution 2200 (XXI) at the 1496th plenary session of the UN General Assembly) // Vedomosti of the USSR Armed Forces. 1976. N 17. Art. 291.

The solution to the housing problems of citizens of ZhK and ZhKK is carried out through the acquisition or construction (reconstruction) of an apartment building.

Before acquiring ownership of residential premises, members of a housing cooperative have the right to a share. A share is understood as the share of unit accumulation of a member of a housing cooperative in the mutual fund of this cooperative. In turn, unit accumulation means that part of the share contribution that was paid by a member of a housing cooperative on a certain date.

Until the moment of full payment of the share, the living quarters are owned by the cooperative, but the cooperative cannot dispose of them at its discretion: it is obliged to provide a member of the cooperative with this living quarters for use. However, in case of bankruptcy of a cooperative, residential premises in respect of which the share has not been paid in full may be included in the bankruptcy estate and sold along with other property.

Often, cooperatives do not just acquire residential premises, but carry out the construction or reconstruction of an apartment building, acting as a developer (Art. 110 ZhK). Such cooperatives are subject to the bankruptcy rules of the developer (Section 7 Chapter IX of the Bankruptcy Law). In accordance with the Bankruptcy Law, an arbitration court has the right to recognize that a construction participant has a requirement to transfer a dwelling or a monetary claim if Money to a housing construction cooperative in order to participate in the construction of an apartment building (Article 201.1 of the Bankruptcy Law).

Also, developers are considered housing cooperatives that carry out the reconstruction of apartment buildings (clause 2, article 110 of the ZhK).

Since the bankruptcy provisions of the developer only apply to cases where the apartment building has not yet been commissioned, if the housing cooperative acquires a ready-made apartment building, the bankruptcy provisions of the developer do not apply to it.

A very interesting question is about the rules applied in the bankruptcy of a housing savings cooperative (ZhNK). ZHK can, within the framework of its activities, act as both a developer and a participant in shared construction (subparagraph 2 of paragraph 1 of article 16 of the Federal Law "On housing savings cooperatives"<5>). The law does not limit ZhNK to the possibility of building only apartment buildings.

<5>SZ RF. 2005. N 1 (part 1). Art. 41.

The fact that members of housing cooperatives have the status of a participant in construction gives them the opportunity to take advantage of guarantees, stipulated rules on the bankruptcy of the developer.

These guarantees are aimed at ensuring that a member of the cooperative has a priority in obtaining housing.

The bankruptcy regulations of developers establish several types of such substantive and procedural guarantees for construction participants:

1) at the request of a person participating in the bankruptcy case, the arbitration court has the right to refer the developer's bankruptcy case to the arbitration court at the location of the construction object or land plot or at the place of residence or location of the majority of construction participants (clause 4 of article 201.1 of the Law bankruptcy);

2) participants in the construction who have requirements for the transfer of residential premises, and also authorized body executive power subject Russian Federation exercising control and supervision in the field of shared construction of apartment buildings (Article 201.2);

3) the arbitration court, at the request of the applicant or another person participating in the bankruptcy case of the developer, has the right to take measures to ensure the claims of creditors and the interests of the debtor (interim measures) in the form of a ban on the conclusion of the land lease agreement by the lessor with another person other than the developer, and a prohibition on state registration of such a lease agreement, as well as a prohibition on the landlord's disposal of this land plot otherwise (Article 201.3);

4) consideration only within the framework of a bankruptcy case, not only monetary claims, but also claims for the transfer of residential premises and other non-monetary claims concerning real estate(Article 201.8);

5) maintaining a separate register of requirements for the transfer of residential premises (Article 201.7);

6) the priority of satisfying the claims of construction participants over the claims of creditors for other civil obligations (Article 201.9);

7) upon sale, 25% of the proceeds are directed to meet the requirements of construction participants (Article 201.14);

8) the possibility of transferring the construction in progress to the participants in the construction, as well as residential premises (Article 201.10);

9) resolving issues related to meeting the requirements of construction participants by holding a meeting of construction participants (Article 201.12).

Despite the rather impressive list of guarantees, there are difficulties in their implementation. Thus, the transfer to participants in the construction of an object of construction in progress can be carried out if the remaining property of the debtor is sufficient to pay off current payments, claims of creditors of the first and second priority; the rights of the pledgees are not violated; after the completion of the construction of residential premises, it is sufficient to meet the requirements of all participants in the construction in relation to a specific construction object; the object of construction in progress belongs to the developer on the right of ownership, etc. If there are not enough funds to pay off current payments and priority claims of creditors of the first and second stage, or the value of the developer's rights in relation to the construction object is more than five percent higher than the amount of claims of construction participants, the transfer of the construction in progress is allowed only on condition that the construction participants contribute funds, respectively, to pay off debts to priority creditors, as well as to reimburse the excess of the cost of the developer's rights.

As a rule, the construction of residential premises is carried out with the attraction of loans secured by the land plot, as well as the construction object under construction. Therefore, the implementation of citizens' rights to receive residential premises is complicated by the need to regulate relations with the pledgee bank.

It should also be noted that the main part of the guarantees is focused on those who participate in the construction on the basis of an agreement on participation in the shared construction of an apartment building. At the same time, the participants in the construction and the developer are absolutely autonomous entities, connected only by contractual relations. With housing-building cooperatives, the situation is different: persons contributing funds for the purpose of purchasing residential premises are participants (members) of the cooperative. They have certain corporate rights, which remain with some restrictions and during bankruptcy proceedings, as well as bear the obligations associated with membership in a cooperative.

The founders (participants) of an insolvent housing cooperative can, by their decision, initiate the introduction of a financial recovery procedure, they can pay off all existing debts of a legal entity for obligatory payments in any of the insolvency proceedings. They also retain the right to participate in the activities of the will-forming bodies of the cooperative within the framework allowed by the relevant bankruptcy procedure.

The members of the cooperative may have various property claims to it. However, insolvency proceedings only take into account monetary claims. The bankruptcy law prohibits the allocation of a share (share) in the debtor's property or payment of its actual value.

Considering the possible Negative consequences bankruptcy for members of a housing cooperative, it seems advisable to develop special measures, in particular using state support aimed at preventing the bankruptcy of such cooperatives.

The question also arises about the effectiveness of remedial measures applied after the initiation of a bankruptcy case for a housing cooperative, in particular, financial recovery. Given the nature and objectives of housing consumer cooperatives, it is obvious that it will be very difficult to get help from third parties. It is also doubtful that the members of the cooperative could pay off the debt. First, with sufficient funds, citizens would hardly decide housing problems by making gradual payments, secondly, in housing and housing-building cooperatives, as in any other consumer cooperatives, subsidiary liability of the members of the cooperative for its debts is provided (paragraph 2 of paragraph 4 of article 116 of the Civil Code). Obviously, the bankruptcy of a housing cooperative occurs if its participants are unable to cover the resulting losses or do not want to do so.

So, the level of protection of members of housing consumer cooperatives and their status in a bankruptcy case differ depending on whether they carry out construction or reconstruction of apartment buildings and, accordingly, are recognized as developers or participate in a cooperative that acquires ready-made buildings. Members of cooperatives carrying out the construction or reconstruction of apartment buildings have a dual status: on the one hand, they retain the rights associated with membership in a cooperative, on the other, although they are not recognized bankruptcy creditors, however, acquire a number of opportunities as participants in a bankruptcy case. They participate in making a decision on the conclusion of an amicable agreement (clause 9 of Article 201.1 of the Bankruptcy Law), deciding on the transfer of residential premises, have the right to raise objections to the claims of other creditors (clause 6 of Article 201.6 of the Bankruptcy Law), resolving the issue of the transfer of the rights of the developer of an unfinished construction object to a housing construction or other specialized housing cooperative (clause 1 of article 201.10 of the Bankruptcy Law). In the second case, the members of the cooperative are not recognized as participants in the bankruptcy case.

Such differences, given the generally similar goals of all housing consumer cooperatives, seem unfounded.

As shows arbitrage practice, the bankruptcy of the HOA is mainly due to non-payment of claims for payment utilities provided to the owners of the premises of an apartment building. Moreover, in a number of cases, the reason for the impossibility of paying off debts was the division of the property of the HOA, which managed several apartment buildings.<6>.

<6>See: S. Bardin. Partnerships go into bankruptcy // www.bn.ru.

<7>See: Tokareva E.V. Legal responsibility and the financial viability of a homeowners' partnership as a non-profit organization // Modern law... 2010. N 12. With ..

<8>See: E. Mishina, Square Masters // www.rg.ru.

It seems more appropriate to have a special regulation of the bankruptcy of the HOA. It should be aimed at preventing owners from abusing the use of bankruptcy procedures in order to get rid of debts. Indeed, at present, the owners of the premises of an apartment building, who are not even HOA members, make utility payments to the partnership, which directly enters into contractual relations with resource supplying organizations and is responsible to them for the timely and full payment of the supplied resources (clause 6.2, clause 14 of article 155 of the LC). The HOA itself can initiate bankruptcy (clause 1 of article 7 of the Bankruptcy Law). In this case, the claims of creditors not satisfied due to insufficient property of the debtor are considered extinguished (clause 9 of article 142 of the Bankruptcy Law).

Such cases are few in number, but still occur in judicial practice.

You can protect the interests of creditors with the help of Art. 10 of the Bankruptcy Law, which provides for subsidiary liability of the founders for the debts of the organization. However, the founders can only be held liable if they are guilty of the debtor's insolvency.

In addition, the liquidation of the HOA due to its bankruptcy does not prevent the owners of the premises of an apartment building from creating a new partnership. It seems that in the event of the bankruptcy of the HOA, which occurred due to the failure to make payments by the owners of the premises of an apartment building, the creation of a new HOA within a certain period should be excluded, and management should be entrusted to the management organizations selected based on the results of a public competition held by local authorities.

Another feature - the lack of property of the HOA - leads to the fact that in practice only supervision and bankruptcy proceedings are applied to partnerships. In the rulings of the arbitration courts on the completion of bankruptcy proceedings in respect of the HOA, there is often an indication that the debtor does not have property and funds, measures aimed at detecting the debtor's property and the formation of property and funds from this bankruptcy estate, gave no results<9>.

<9>For example: Determination of the Arbitration Court of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region from 23.03.2014 N А / 2011 // http://www.spb.arbitr.ru.

2. Mishina E. Square masters // www.rg.ru.

3. Tokareva E.V. Legal responsibility and financial viability of a homeowners' partnership as a non-profit organization // Modern Law. 2010. N 12.

How is the bankruptcy of a housing cooperative

ZhSK is a type of legal entity. It is a voluntary association of individuals with the aim of meeting their housing needs and house management. Like all legal entities, a housing cooperative can also be declared bankrupt. But the bankruptcy of a housing cooperative has its own characteristics.

The framework of the law

ZhSK is very different from different business enterprises and societies. The main legislative regulation is the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. But the legislation also presupposes the presence of certain acts regulating the process of bankruptcy of housing cooperatives.

Some legislative acts indicate that the housing cooperative is a category of developers. And developers must meet certain requirements that are associated with the transfer of housing to the ownership of other members of the cooperative. In addition, ZhSK is a type of cooperative, but which is subject to the peculiarities of considering insolvency cases.

Regulatory issues related to the bankruptcy of housing cooperatives practically do not provide for any fundamental differences and peculiarities

Peculiarities

Let's take a closer look at the features of the bankruptcy of a housing cooperative:

After the implementation of these actions in the arbitration court, the following requirements are imposed:

• availability of ownership in relation to real estate, including the reclamation process;
• the process of demolishing unauthorized buildings;
• recognition of a transaction concluded in relation to real estate as illegal;
• real estate transfer;
• implementation state registration property rights after the transfer of real estate.

After the ZhSK is declared bankrupt, all members of this cooperative must draw up and submit to the arbitration court a statement demanding the return of their funds. As an alternative means, they participants can also demand the transfer of ownership of the housing for which they have paid a certain amount of money.

In such cases, 2 registers are created:

• register of financial claims;
• register of persons demanding the transfer of living quarters.

• The legislation provides for certain guarantees for the protection of HCC participants. If earlier a legal entity could approve a cooperative, then thanks to amended today a legal entity cannot approve a housing cooperative.
• However, this warranty cannot fully protect the rights and legitimate interests participants of the housing cooperative, as evidenced by the judicial practice of the bankruptcy of housing cooperatives.
• Many cooperatives are declared bankrupt, and the foreclosure is applied to the property that should have been transferred to the members of the cooperative. Because of this, many are deprived not only of their money, but also of built housing, because until the full payment of the contribution, housing is owned by the cooperative.
• To remedy this situation, a bill is being developed that prohibits declaring a housing cooperative bankrupt. Such an approach will make it possible to protect the participants of the cooperative from misconduct developers. Many also propose to impose certain penalties.

The nuances of the bankruptcy of housing cooperatives

What are the features of the CBM bankruptcy and what are the consequences - read on.

And what are the nuances of the bankruptcy process of a housing cooperative and how to avoid deception.

Uncover deception

Many fall prey to home-building scams. As the specialists of the housing cooperative note, this is the most dangerous way of buying a residential space, since there is a high probability of being deceived, and the number of defrauded real estate investors is growing every day.

The scheme of deception is quite simple: first, the developer collects money from the equity holders. At the same time, the price for an apartment is indicated quite low, which attracts many. After the money has been collected, the developer begins construction of part of the residential building.

The rest of the collected money goes offshore, after which the developer is declared bankrupt, leaving behind his debts. Shareholders are offered to continue construction on their own.

At the same time, the current legislative regulation makes it possible for the housing cooperative to independently change the date of completion of construction. This leads to an even greater violation of the rights of equity holders.

In order not to become victims of fraudsters, the choice of a developer must be treated very carefully, opting for those firms that have many years of experience and have safely built housing complexes. In addition, you should pay attention to the understated price, which is several times lower than the market value: such offers should be avoided.

Manager actions

The bankruptcy administrator plays a central role in the bankruptcy process of a housing cooperative. The main threat that a manager may face is to take the land from the developer, as well as the presence of encumbrances.

The legislation provides for certain security measures that make it possible to exclude the implementation of illegal actions during bankruptcy.

As such measures, you can indicate the introduction of a ban on the conclusion of a lease agreement or a ban on the developer's disposal of this land plot, etc. A rather effective measure is also the seizure of the debtor's property. These measures are taken by the bankruptcy commissioner.

In addition to powers and responsibilities, provided by law on bankruptcy, the trustee in bankruptcy carries out some additional actions in case of bankruptcy housing cooperative

These include:

• publication of information (for example, on declaring the developer bankrupt or on transferring the case to another court);
• notifying the participants of the housing cooperative about the introduction of observation and the moratorium;
• attracting an appraiser, etc.

If a member of the housing cooperative learned that the cooperative was declared bankrupt, he should submit a statement of his requirements. The application is presented to the arbitration court, which is considering the bankruptcy case of the housing cooperative. Its text indicates the requirements of the participant. In this case, the participant can demand both the return of his funds and the transfer of real estate.

If the construction of a residential building has not yet begun or is located on initial stages, then it does not make sense to present a requirement for the transfer of residential premises into ownership. The consequences of this are the impossibility of satisfying their demands.

What is the essence of the bankruptcy of non-profit organizations - we will tell you.

Here you can see a sample bankruptcy filing revocation.

Participants of the housing cooperative can also sue for the recognition of certain transactions concluded by the cooperative as invalid (for example, the contract for the sale and purchase of liquid property of the cooperative). This approach will make it possible to get your money from the developer.

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Bringing to subsidiary liability in bankruptcy

Not everyone knows in what cases subsidiary liability in bankruptcy is applicable, as well as its goals.

In simple words, this is the stage of bankruptcy, at which a third party is liable for the debtor's debts, if:

• the latter refuses to pay;
• has no income from which to pay off the debt.

What it is?

Subsidiary liability should be understood as the imposition of obligations to repay the debt by one person for the obligations of the debtor.

This responsibility applies to additional kind responsibility and can only be applied in case of default or improper performance of obligations by the debtor.

In the event that the bankruptcy of an LLC or other legal entity occurred due to incorrect actions of its participants, who, according to the law, have the right to give any instructions or orders, then this type of responsibility may be imposed on them.

Law

The main special regulatory legal act that regulates these legal relationships is the Federal Law "On Insolvency", the purpose of which is to pay off debts to creditors.

So, one of the ways to protect the interests of creditors and was fixed such a type of liability as subsidiary.

That is, the creditor has the right to satisfy his claims, if not at the expense of the debtor, then at the expense of another, so to speak, "auxiliary" person.

So, responsibility can be expressed in the form:

• compensation for losses;
• obligations to pay mandatory payments.

In addition, the law imposes this type of responsibility on the head of the debtor for failure to fulfill the obligations to store and use documents of strict accountability.

Subsidiary liability in bankruptcy

The occurrence of additional liability is possible only on the basis of the provisions that are enshrined in constituent documents(Article 121 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

According to latest changes Any person who is directly related to the debtor or a legal entity can be brought to such liability, in contrast to the wording of the old law, where a certain list of persons was strictly indicated.

However, in new edition the responsibility of the head and other persons who led the organization appeared.

In accordance with the law, the founder of the LLC is not liable for the obligations of the company, he has the right to be liable within the limits of his authorized share.

This means that in the event of the bankruptcy of a legal entity, the founder will be liable only if the organization incurred losses precisely through his fault, which, in turn, must be proven in court.

If guilt is proven, the founder will be liable within the limits of his personal property.

Legal entity

This liability in case of bankruptcy of a legal entity takes place in the following cases:

• due to illegal actions of its participants or the owner of such property, if the legal entity does not have the funds to settle accounts with creditors;
• if one of the subsidiaries goes bankrupt due to the fault of the main one, as a result of which the latter will bear additional responsibility for the debts of the subsidiary.

Leader or director

In accordance with article 401 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, subsidiary responsibility can also be borne by the heads of the enterprise if, as a result of their actions, obstacles were created that led to the bankruptcy of such a legal entity.

However, such actions on the part of the head must be justified and proven.

In order for the boss to be responsible, it is necessary to prepare a statement that this person should bear precisely this type of responsibility, basing its arguments on the norms of the law.

These provisions are duplicated in Article 10 of the Federal Law "On Insolvency".

The manager will bear additional responsibility if he has violated the following:

• independently filed an application to the court to declare a legal entity bankrupt;
• violated the procedure for storing and using financial reporting documents;
• accepted certain instructions from the control authorities, but did not comply with them, as a result of which the debtor or creditor suffered losses.

Natural person

Under additional responsibility natural person it should be understood, first of all, financial responsibility in relation to the total amount owed by the company to creditors.

Such a person is called a controller (Article 2 of the Federal Law "On Insolvency").

This means that any individual can bear such responsibility, even if in legal terms it has nothing to do with the debtor, but in fact managed it for the last two years before it became bankrupt.

A housing construction cooperative is a consumer cooperative that is created by citizens for the purpose of building, as well as managing housing.

Concerning subsidiary liability members of the housing cooperative in terms of the contributions made, it is quite possible.

If the cooperative has arrears in payment for utility services as a result of the fact that the owners do not pay for these services, then the members of such a creation bear additional responsibility for the obligations of such a society.

Jar

As practice shows, the management of banks, as well as controllers and other employees, whose actions led to the bankruptcy of the bank, bear subsidiary liability within the limits of personal property.

This rule is based on the principle that in the future bank employees will approach their tasks more responsibly.

Conditions of occurrence

Additional liability may arise in the following cases:

• the debtor is not able to independently answer to the creditor for his obligations;
• the debtor has no income or other assets that could cover the debt.

V the above cases responsibility for the fulfillment of the obligations of the debtor may pass to a third party.

How does the law on bankruptcy of citizens work? Details in this article.

Application submission

The application for declaring the debtor bankrupt must be filed with the arbitration court at writing(Article 37 of the Federal Law 127).

So, the document must contain the following information:

• the name of the court to which the application is submitted;
• the total amount of creditors' claims on the disputed obligations of the debtor;
• the total amount owed in respect of compulsory payments;
• the reasons why the debtor cannot pay the debt;
• information about property and assets owned by the debtor;
• bank account numbers;
• the amount of the remuneration of the insolvency practitioner;
• a list of documents that confirm the explanations in the application.

A sample bankruptcy petition for an individual is here.

A sample bankruptcy petition for a legal entity is here.

How to attract?

In order to bring a person to additional liability, a sufficiently clear work is required on the part of the arbitration manager.

If the requests and motions are of high quality, there is a better chance of obtaining grounds for a claim.

If the requests of the manager are inaccurate and have no grounds, and even with a minimum volume, then there will not be much to prosecute for that, because there will be no grounds for satisfying the claim.

It is for this purpose that creditors, from the beginning of the opening of the bankruptcy procedure, are trying to understand whether the manager understands the goal and in what way it can be achieved.

After that, a claim is filed with an arbitration court.

In addition, before going to court, you need to know more detailed information about the debtor - a list of his property. level of income and earnings, place of residence.

This means that before proceeding to actions, it is necessary to obtain a certain list of information that could be guided in the future in court.

Initiators

So, the initiators of bringing persons to subsidiary liability can be:

• the debtor himself;
• bankruptcy commissioner;
• creditor;
• the decision of the arbitration court - on the basis of the claim received from the arbitration manager and the creditor.

Limitation period

When filing a lawsuit to bring persons to subsidiary liability, do not forget about the statute of limitations.

V this case it is 3 years and starts counting from the moment the court makes a decision on declaring the debtor bankrupt.

Arbitrage practice

Judicial practice shows that the application of legislation regarding the imposition of additional liability in the event of a debtor being declared bankrupt is quite rare.

The main reason for this can be called a rather complex mechanism for applying the above norms, as well as the duration of the process and the procedure for bringing to this type of responsibility.

However, the use of this type of responsibility can give results in terms of influence on managers and owners of enterprises, who will also feel responsible and will approach their duties with caution, once again thinking about the consequences of this or that action.

What measures can be taken to prevent bankruptcy credit institutions? Find out here.

How to file for bankruptcy of an LLC? Read here.

Today, the legislation seeks to tighten control and punishment for persons who can be brought to this kind of responsibility, which can only have a positive effect on judicial practice.

However, one should not forget about the interests of the subjects. civil turnover who are conscientious about doing business.