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Who is Ryleev briefly. Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev

Biography

RYLEEV Kondraty Fedorovich, Russian poet, Decembrist.

The son of a poor nobleman, his father had a small estate in the St. Petersburg province. Ryleev was educated in the 1st Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. He was released from the corps in January 1814 as an artillery officer, participated in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1814-15. There is a legend that in Paris Ryleev visited a famous fortune-teller who predicted his death by hanging. After the war, he lodged with the company in Vilna, then Voronezh provinces. He retired in 1818 with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1819, out of passionate love, he married the daughter of the Voronezh landowner N.M. Tevyasheva and settled in St. Petersburg, where he entered the service in the chamber of the criminal court. Like some other liberal-minded contemporaries, Ryleev tried to "ennoble" the unpopular civil service among the nobility and use it to commit humane acts and fight for justice. Serving in court, Ryleev did a lot of good deeds, helped the disadvantaged and oppressed. In the spring of 1824 Ryleev became the ruler of affairs in the office of the Russian-American Company and settled in a government house on the Moika embankment. Literary Activity The defining features of Ryleev's personality were his ardent patriotism, striving for freedom of the fatherland and a romantic-sublime understanding of citizenship. His political views were tinged with romantic utopianism. According to a colleague's recollection, Ryleev was obsessed with "equality and free thought." This was the main motive of his poetry. Ryleev praised civic virtues, was alien to a purely aesthetic attitude to poetry ("I am not a poet, I am a citizen"), his heroes are freedom fighters. From 1819 he began to collaborate in various literary journals, became famous in 1820 for the publication of the poem "To the Temporary Worker", which clearly denounced AA Arakcheev. The author of the collection "Dumas" (original in form poetic narratives about the glorious events of Russian history, one of the dumas, "Ermak", became a folk song), the poems "Voinarovsky", "Nalivaiko". Ryleev was a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, the Society of Competitors of Enlightenment and Benevolence. In 1823−25, together with his friend, writer and Decembrist A. A. Bestuzhev, he published the successful literary almanac "Polar Star", in which the works of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, A. A. Delvig and others were published. In the fall of 1823 Ryleev was accepted by I.I.Pushchin into the Northern Society, and quickly became one of its most active members. At the end of 1824 he entered the directory of the Northern Society and actually headed it. According to the views of Ryleev, he gravitated more towards the idea of ​​a republic than a constitutional monarchy, but did not attach much importance to the debates of the Decembrists on this score. He believed that the question of the form of government in Russia should be decided not by a secret society, but by the Constituent Assembly elected by the people, and the main task of a secret society was to achieve its convocation. Ryleev also had the idea of ​​a compromise solution to the fate of the royal family: having enlisted the support of naval officers, take it by ship to "foreign lands". Ryleev even tried to establish a council of the Northern Society in Kronstadt, but failed. In February 1824 Ryleev was wounded in a duel with Prince K. Ya. Shakhovsky (the cause of the duel was the hurt honor of Ryleev's sister). In September 1825 Ryleev was a second at the sensational duel between his cousin and a member of the secret society K. P. Chernov and V. D. Novosiltsev, which ended in the death of both participants. The news of the death of Alexander I caught the members of the Northern Society by surprise, who, in order to avoid discussing the issue of regicide, decided to time the revolutionary uprising at the time of the death of the monarch. Ryleev became one of the initiators and leaders of the preparations for the uprising on December 14, 1825 in Senate Square. During the interregnum, he was sick with a sore throat, and his house became the center of the conspirators' meetings, who supposedly came to visit the patient. Ryleev, inspiring his comrades, himself could not effectively participate in the uprising, since he was a civilian. On the morning of December 14, he came to Senate Square, then left it and spent most of the day traveling around the city, trying to find out the situation in different regiments and find help. He was arrested at his home in the evening of the same day. He was sentenced to death and hanged on July 13, 1826. Ryleev had a daughter and a son who died in infancy.

Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) - Russian poet, Decembrist, public figure. Born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the village of Batovo, Petersburg province. The father was of a noble family with a small estate. In 1801-1814. young Kondraty studied at the First Cadet Corps of St. Petersburg and received the rank of an artillery officer. He began to write literary works under the impression of the victory over Napoleon. In 1814-1815. participated in military campaigns abroad as part of the Russian army. In the post-war period he served in the Vilna and Voronezh provinces.

In 1818 he left the service with the status of a second lieutenant. A year later, he began to actively publish in various literary magazines. In 1820 he married the daughter of the landowner N. Tevyasheva. From 1821 he sat in the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, and 3 years later he headed the office of the Russian-American Company.

Founded in 1823 with A. Bestuzhev the almanac "Polar Star", which was published regularly for 3 years. He was a member of the Masonic lodge of St. Petersburg. In the same year he entered the Northern Society of the Decembrists, in 1824 he headed it. He advocated republican rule, but was against the massacre of the monarch, therefore he offered to take the royal family to distant lands.

In the years 1824-1825. worked in the committee for the censorship of poetry. He was one of the organizers of the Decembrist uprising on December 14 (26), 1825. But he did not take a direct part in the revolutionary events on Senate Square, since he was no longer a military man. He was arrested that very day at his home, pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death.

Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich, a brief biography of which will be discussed below, left an amazing mark on Russian history and literature. He was closely acquainted with A.S. Pushkin and A.S. Griboyedov, but their relationship was based on common literary interests. Much stronger comradely ties tied Ryleev with the republicans M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin and others. From school we know that these people are Decembrists, and five of them gave their lives in the struggle against the autocracy. But what exactly shaped Kondraty Ryleev as a person, what paths led him to the torture chambers of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then to the scaffold?

Childhood and youth

A short biography of Ryleev says that he was born in September 1795 and was executed in July 1826. From this we can conclude that he died very young - he was only thirty years old. But in such a short period of time, the writer managed to write a lot, and even more to do. Kondraty spent his childhood on the estate of his father, a small landowner, in the village of Batovo near St. Petersburg. He chose a military career for his son, and already six years old, the boy was sent to study in the capital, in the First Cadet Corps.

A short biography of Ryleev would be incomplete without a description of the next stage in the life of a revolutionary, since it is very important, although at first glance it does not seem so. In 1814, the newly minted artillery officer leaves for France, following the Russian army crushing Napoleon Bonaparte. Life in the "defeated" country made an indelible impression on Ryleev. If he lived in the XXI century, one could say that he became a fan of the idea of ​​"European integration", but since only the XIX century began, Raleev had no choice but to become a republican. At first, he took a moderate position and defended, but the Restoration forced him to change his views to more radical ones.

Return to Russia

Returning to his homeland, Ryleev served in the army for a short time. He retired in 1818, and two years later he married Natalya Mikhailovna, the daughter of the Voronezh landowner Tevyashev, out of ardent and passionate love. A short biography of Ryleev says that the couple had two children: a son who died in infancy and a daughter. To support his family, Kondraty Fedorovich gets a job as assessor of the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber. In 1820, the first work of Ryleev the writer was published - a satirical ode "To the temporary worker", where the author attacked the mores of the "Arakcheevshchina".

Literary and social activities

In 1823 Ryleev joined the "Northern Society", and together with Bestuzhev began to publish the anthology "Polar Star". Together with Griboyedov, he was a member of a literary circle with a bias in free-thinking, which has the name "Scientific Republic". He also tried himself as a translator from Polish, thanks to which Glinsky's Dumas were published in Russia. A short biography of Ryleev ranks among the main works of the writer, such as "Ivan Susanin", "Death of Ermak", as well as the poems "Nalivaiko" and "Voinarovsky". But most of all he was glorified by social activities. The brain and engine of the Northern society of the Decembrists was K.F. Ryleev. A short biography indicates that since he was a civilian, he did not stand in the revolutionary square on Sennaya Square. Ryleev only came there, but this fact alone was enough to deserve a death sentence. He was one of the three hanged men under whom the rope broke, but contrary to custom, the sentence was still carried out.

During the short period of his literary activity (1820-1825) K.F. Ryleev created a number of works of art that occupy one of the first places in the history of Russian civil poetry. A participant in the uprising on December 14, 1825, Rayleev paid with his life for an attempt to put into practice the ideas that he served with his poetic creativity.

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the village of Batovo, Petersburg province. Ryleev's father, a small-scale nobleman, a tough and hot-tempered man, was despotic in relation to his family and peasants. The years of Ryleev's training also passed in a harsh environment. As a six-year-old boy, he was sent to the St. Petersburg 1st Cadet Corps, which separated him from his family for thirteen years. Ryleev's literary interests were born in the corps. In one of the letters to his father, he calls himself "a very great hunter of books." Cadet Ryleev's own literary experiments have also survived. While still in the cadet corps, the young man, like many of his peers, dreamed of "the happiness of joining the defenders of his fatherland." Released at the beginning 1814 year from the corps as an ensign, Ryleev was able to fulfill his dream. He takes part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army, which liberated Western Europe from Napoleon. In 1817 Ryleev ends up in the Ostrogozhsky district of the Voronezh province. One of the themes of Ryleev's lyrics was his love for the daughter of a local landowner N.M. Tevyashova, who soon became his wife. Asking his mother for permission to marry and to leave military service (his father had died by this time), Ryleev expresses his hope in the new service to "pay extra" to the Fatherland what he "did not give in the military." In one of the letters to his mother 1818 g . he hints at the internal motives of his refusal from military service: "For the current service, scoundrels are needed, and, fortunately, I cannot be one."

The first poetic experiments of KF Ryleev, which saw the light, did not stand out in any way among the genres of "light poetry" popular at that time. The birth of a new poet with his own theme and with his own intonation was the poem "To the temporary worker" ( 1820 g.), which appeared in the very first year of the entry of the future Decembrist poet into literature.

Having settled in St. Petersburg, Ryleev since 1821 serves as an assessor of the Petersburg Criminal Chamber, which gives him the opportunity to defend the interests of the unjustly offended and oppressed.

In 1821 Ryleev was accepted as a fellow member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. During this period, Ryleev wrote historical ballads, poems and became one of the largest literary figures of the Decembrist trend.

At the same time, Ryleev also develops vigorous social activities. He continues his civil service by going in 1824 for the post of the head of the office of the Russian-American Company. The publication of the anthology "Polar Star", undertaken by Ryleev together with AA Bestuzhev, was also of great social importance. But the main direction in which Ryleev's public activities went was political struggle. In the fall of 1823 I.I. Pushchin told the revolutionary-minded poet about the existence of a secret political society in St. Petersburg (the Northern Society of Decembrists). The tasks of the Northern Society of Decembrists corresponded to the political views and public temperament of Ryleev, and he became a member of it. Gradually Ryleev became the soul of the Northern Decembrists' society. He possessed the properties necessary for a public figure, a tribune: enthusiasm, the gift of a propagandist, the ability to attract hearts. The most radical members of the Northern Society of Decembrists united around Ryleev: E. P. Obolensky, P. G. Kakhovsky, the Bestuzhev brothers, A. I. Odoevsky, A. O. Kornilovich, V. K. Kyukhelbeker. This group played a major role in the preparation of the uprising. December 14, 1825. Ryleev's apartment became a kind of headquarters for the Petersburg revolutionaries.

Ryleev embodied the image of the hero-citizen, which he glorified in poetry. On the day of the uprising, Ryleev was among its leaders at Senate Square. Shocked by the failure, Ryleev returned home. He was arrested the same night. After solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress, Ryleev, among the five most prominent Decembrists, was hanged early in the morning 13 (25) July 1826.

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Kondraty Ryleev was born on September 18 (September 29), 1795 in the village of Batovo (now it is the territory of the Gatchinsky district of the Leningrad region) in the family of a small-scale nobleman Fyodor Andreevich Ryleev (1746-1814), manager of Princess Varvara Golitsyna, and Anastasia Matveevna Essen (1758-1824). In 1801-1814 he studied at the St. Petersburg First Cadet Corps. Participated in the overseas campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814.

There is a description of Ryleev's appearance during his military service: “He was of average height, good build, round, clean face, proportional head, but the upper part of it was somewhat wider; brown eyes, somewhat protruding, always moistened ... being somewhat short-sighted, he wore glasses (but more when studying at his desk). "

In 1818 he retired. In 1820 he married Natalya Mikhailovna Tevyasheva. From 1821 he served as assessor of the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, from 1824 - the ruler of the office of the Russian-American Company.

In 1820 he wrote the famous satirical ode To the Temporary Worker; On April 25, 1821 he entered the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. In 1823-1825, Ryleev, together with Alexander Bestuzhev, published the annual anthology "Polar Star". He was a member of the St. Petersburg Masonic lodge "To the Flaming Star".

Ryleev's Duma "Death of Ermak" was partially set to music and became a song.

In 1823 he became a member of the Northern Society of the Decembrists, then heading its most radical wing. At first, he stood on moderate constitutional-monarchical positions, but later became a supporter of the republican system.

On September 10, 1825, he acted as a second in a duel between his friend, cousin, lieutenant K. P. Chernov and a representative of the aristocracy, the adjutant wing V. D. Novosiltsev. The reason for the duel was a conflict due to prejudices associated with the social inequality of the duelists (Novosiltsev was engaged to Chernov's sister, Catherine, but under the influence of his mother, he decided to refuse to marry). Both participants in the duel were mortally wounded and died a few days later. Chernov's funeral turned into the first mass demonstration organized by the Northern Society of Decembrists.

Ryleev (according to another version - VK Kyukhelbeker) is credited with the free-thinking poem "I swear on honor and Chernov".

He was one of the main organizers of the uprising on December 14 (26), 1825. While in the fortress, he scratched on a tin plate, hoping that someone would read his last poems.

“Prison is my honor, not reproach,
For a right cause I am in her,
And I should be ashamed of these chains,
When I wear them for the Motherland! "

Pushkin's correspondence with Ryleev and Bestuzhev, concerning mainly literary affairs, was of a friendly nature. The communication between Ryleev and Griboyedov was hardly politicized - if both called each other “republicans,” it was more likely because of their affiliation with the VOLRS, also known as the “Scientific Republic,” than for any other reason.

In the preparations for the uprising on December 14, Ryleev played one of the leading roles. While in prison, he took all the "blame" on himself, tried to justify his comrades, pinned vain hopes on the emperor's mercy on them.

Execution

Ryleev was executed by hanging on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress, among the five leaders of the performance together with P. I. Pestel, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P. G. Kakhovsky. His last words on the scaffold, addressed to the priest PN Myslovsky, were: "Father, pray for our sinful souls, do not forget my wife and bless my daughter." Ryleev was one of three unfortunate people whose rope broke. He fell inside the scaffold and after a while was hanged again. According to some sources, it was Ryleev who said before his second execution: "An unhappy country where they don't even know how to hang you" (sometimes these words are attributed to PI Pestel or SI Muravyov-Apostol).

The exact place of burial of K. F. Ryleev, like other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on the island of Golodai.

Books

During the life of Kondraty Ryleev, two of his books were published: in 1825 - "Dumas", and a little later in the same year, the poem "Voinarovsky" was published.

It is known how Pushkin reacted to Ryleev's Dumas and, in particular, to Oleg the Prophet. “They are all weak in invention and presentation. All of them are in one cut: they are made up of common passages (loci topici) ... a description of the scene, the speech of the hero and - moralizing ", wrote Pushkin to KF Ryleev. "National, Russian, there is nothing in them but names."

In 1823 Ryleev made his debut as a translator - a free translation from the Polish poem by Y. Nemtsevich "Glinsky: Duma" was published in the printing house of the Imperial Orphanage.

After the Decembrist uprising, Ryleev's publications were banned and mostly destroyed. There are handwritten lists of Ryleev's poems and poems that were distributed illegally in the territory of the Russian Empire.

The Berlin, Leipzig and London editions of Ryleev, undertaken by the Russian emigration, in particular Ogarev and Herzen in 1860, were also illegally distributed.

Memory

  • There is Ryleeva Street in St. Petersburg.
  • There is also Ryleeva Street in the city of Tambov.
  • There is Ryleeva Street in Ulyanovsk.
  • In Petrozavodsk there is Ryleeva Street and Ryleeva Lane.
  • There is Ryleeva Street in Tyumen.
  • There is Ryleeva Street in Lviv.
  • There is Ryleeva Street in Kaluga.
  • There is Ryleeva street in Makhachkala.
  • There is Ryleeva Street in Astrakhan.
  • In Samara - Ryleeva Lane (located near Pestel Street).
  • There is Ryleeva street in Chelyabinsk.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

Spring 1824 - 12/14/1825 - the house of the Russian-American Company - 72 Moika River Embankment.

Editions

  • “Poems. K. Ryleeva "(Berlin, 1857)
  • Ryleev K. F. Dumas. Poems. With a preface N. Ogarev / Iskander's edition. - London .: Trubner & co, 1860 .-- 172 p.
  • Ryleev K.F. Poems. With a biography of the author and a story about his execution / Published by Wolfgang Gerhard, Leipzig, in the printing house of G. Petz, Naumburg, 1862. - XVIII, 228, IV p.
  • Works and correspondence of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. His daughter's edition. Ed. P. A. Efremova. - SPb., 1872.
  • Ryleev K. F. Dumas / The publication was prepared by L. G. Frizman. - M .: science, 1975 .-- 254 p. Circulation 50,000 copies. (Literary monuments)

Russian poet-Decembrist.

Kondraty Fyodorovich Ryleev was born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the estate of the Sofia district of the St. Petersburg province (now in) in the family of Lieutenant Colonel Fyodor Andreevich Ryleev (d. 1814), the chief manager of the prince's estates, which after his death in 1810 passed to his wife V. V. Golitsyna.

In 1801-1814, KF Ryleev was brought up in the 1st Cadet Corps, in 1814 he was released from the corps as a warrant officer in the 1st Cavalry Company of the 1st Reserve Artillery Brigade. In 1814-1815 he took part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army.

At the end of the war, KF Ryleev, together with the company, lodged in the town of Retovo in the Rossiensky district of the Vilna province (now in Lithuania), and then in the villages and in the Ostrogozhsky district of the Voronezh province (now in). In 1818 he retired with the rank of second lieutenant.

Since 1819 K. F. Ryleev lived in. From 1821 he served as an assessor from the nobility in the St. Petersburg Chamber of the Criminal Court, from the spring of 1824 he served as the head of affairs of the Chancellery of the Russian-American Company.

In 1823 KF Ryleev became a member of the Northern Society of the Decembrists, then heading the most radical part. In his political views under the influence, he evolved from moderate constitutional-monarchist to republican.

Since 1819, KF Ryleev collaborated in magazines ("Nevsky Spectator", "Blagonamerenny", "Son of the Fatherland", "Competitor of Enlightenment and Benevolence", etc.). The satire "To the temporary worker" (1820), directed against him, brought him literary fame. In 1821, K. F. Ryleev joined the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (another name is the Society of Competitors of Education and Benevolence). In 1823-1825, together with A. A. Bestuzhev, he published the anthology "Polar Star".

In 1821-1823 KF Ryleev created a cycle of historical songs "Duma" (1825): "Oleg the Prophet", "Mstislav the Udaly", "Death", "Ivan Susanin", "in Ostrogozhsk", "" and others Referring to the heroic past, the poet reinterpreted it in the spirit of his own civic ideals.

The central work of K. F. Ryleev is the poem "Voinarovsky" (1825). The author put his thoughts on the high civil service to his motherland in the confession of the main character of the poem, who was exiled to Siberia for participating in the rebellion against, raised by hetman Mazepa. The contradictory nature of KF Ryleev's historicism manifested itself in the romantic idealization of Mazepa and Voinarovsky, in a deviation from the historical truth in the name of propaganda of Decembrist ideas. In the unfinished poem "Nalivaiko" (excerpts published in 1825) KF Ryleev addressed the theme of the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the 16th century against the noble domination. The most complete expression of civic pathos in the poet's lyrics was the poem "I will be in a fateful time ..." ("Citizen"). In agitational and satirical songs ("Oh, where are those islands ...", "Our Tsar, Russian German ...", "How the blacksmith was walking ..." "And others), written jointly with A. A. Bestuzhev, sounded hatred of the autocracy and direct calls for its overthrow.

K.F. Ryleev became one of the leaders of the preparation of the uprising on Senate Square on December 14 (26), 1825. In the evening of the same day, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Being in the fortress under investigation, he completely repented and imbued with the Christian spirit.

KF Ryleev was convicted outside the ranks and on July 11 (23), 1826, was sentenced to be hanged. On July 13 (25), 1826, he was executed at the crownwork of the Peter and Paul Fortress, among the five leaders of the uprising together with