Русско-английский перевод народное хозяйство. Топик «Russian agriculture» (Тема Сельское хозяйство) Английские слова на тему сельское хозяйство биология
MY FUTURE PROFESSION
My future profession is a forester. I am a student of the Rybinsk Forest Technical College at the «Forest and Forestry» department.
Our college trains specialists of forest management of our country. Today it has modern equipments for the organization of educational process – light classrooms with interactive boards, the laboratories with computers. The pride of our college is the richest dendrology park. It was founded 70 years ago by enthusiasts of the technical school on waste grounds and ravines.
I shall work as a forest foreman, or as a forest ranger, or as a forest technician. I think I’ve chosen an interesting and useful profession. I’m fond of my future profession, so after leaving our college I’ll try to apply for a job according to my qualification.
Only highly-qualified specialists can provide our forest, our nature an immense use. They protect the forest from any danger, ensure thinning and sanitary felling. Our forest needs much help, because today it is destroyed by different insects, diseases and other pests.
Everybody! Remember!
Our life would be dull and poor without forests.
We must take care of it for next generations and ourselves.
We all must do what we can do to keep the water, the land and the air clean.
RUSSIA IS THE LEADING PRODUCER OF TIMBER.
Nearly one third of world"s forest resources is in Russia. Birch, oak and beech form hardwood species, while pine, spruce and larch form softwood species. The wood of the main commercial forest trees is of fine texture and high strength quality.
The sapwood of the redwood is close-grained and of an attractive creamy color. This wood is much less liable to warping and twisting than sappy open- grained wood and is therefore specially suitable for joinery purposes.
The finest redwood comes from the Kara Sea ports. The white wood shipped from the White Sea ports is of fine quality as well.
There are many factors which influence the growth of trees in the forest. Attention should be paid to the influence of climatic conditions, the effect of latitude, rainfall, temperature and the effects of mountains, deserts and the Gulf Stream.
The forests of Russia are situated in various climatic zones and contain a great variety of tree species. Pine and spruce forests occur mainly in the North- European regions of Russia; larch, birch and aspen in Siberia; oak in the central forest zone, beech in the Caucasus, the Crimea and the south-western European regions of Russia
Eastern Siberia is believed to become one of the great future centers of hardwood raw materials. Birch, maple, aspen, oak, walnut, ash and such valuable species as the AMUR cork tree, used as a substitute for imported cork-such are the species forming the hardwood forests of the Far East. The enormous distances to the main consumption areas and the severe climate have created many difficulties in logging and transportation, but these are being successfully overcome. Many new enterprises of heavy and light industry are being built here.
According to new plans of economic development of the country the Siberian wood will be consumed on the spot.
Russia produces 35 million cubic meters of sawn-goods annually. Our country is one of the leading producers and exporters of timber. Export consists of sawn softwood (redwood and white wood), poles, pit-props, sleepers and plywood. The production of particle boards of superior grade is quickly increasing. Exports are made to all the West-European countries.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the timber resources of Russia are rationally utilized in accordance with the sound national economic plan of timber consumption.
FROM THE HISTORY OF LOGGING
Three hundred years ago the first emigrants from Europe landed on the territory of the present-day United States. The Europeans found thick forests covering almost half of the land. In the east the forests were so thick that a squirrel could travel from the Atlantic to the Mississippi river jumping from tree to tree.
Clearing the ground, which was needed for cultivating crops, the first emigrants started felling trees. When working in the forest they used the simplest tools: an axe and a saw. The axe was applied in those days for many purposes. Taking into consideration the grain of timber the logs were cut across, split radically, or they were shaped to a square beam.
Let us imagine a woodcutter and his job in the forest. As a rule, the woodcutter used two traditional strokes: the down stroke and the lower, level stroke. Small trees were felled with the axe alone. The felling of the larger trees was usually finished with the saw. Branches were cut away with the axe. The logs were then cut across with the saw, if needed.
Using axes the woodcutters worked out four sides of the round log, splitting away the outer layers and obtaining a square beam. Much wood was wasted because the question of timber economy was not taken into account in those days. The woodcutters thought only of economy of effort. Cutting proved to be much faster than sawing.
Boards for the sides of houses and shingles for the roof were made by cleaving logs. Obtained in this way boards were exceptionally strong and durable, because the minimum of cutting had been done through the timber’s cells. Cleaving was also used to cut durable fence posts. Thus, a skilled man could make his house, fences and furniture using nothing but an axe and his own muscle.
It is only in the 19-th century that the machines to saw up logs came into general use. As to trucks, winches and petrol-driven saws, they were invented only in the 20-th century.
Before forest products are delivered to the sawmills they had to be loaded on some kind of transport. Tree products are often reloaded from one type of transport to another. In this case, a transport system of two or more stages is used.
Products cut in the process of logging may be left at the stump or concentrated along roads for loading them later. The greater the concentration of products to be loaded at one point, the more highly specialized is the loading operation. Ordinarily, only small products are loaded at the stump. It would be too difficult for a loader to move from stump to load heavy products.
Loading pulpwood may also be performed in two stages. The first stage is called preloading. It is done in the place where timber is cut. Preloading is the loading onto some kind of platform, sledge or small sledge or small sleigh. Products are pulled to roadside where the load is transferred to a truck. Such movement of tree products from stump to roadside is called skidding.
Trees in the forest may damaged by lightning, wind throw or insects. These trees are salvaged throughout large forested areas. In this case a truck equipped to load individual logs is often used.
Regardless of where loading is done and what kind of forest products are loaded it is necessary to lift them. Some power is to be used for lifting the harvested forest products. Since green wood is heavy and many forest products are large, high-powered loading machines are used while performing harvesting operations. These machines are equipped with loading devices.
The planning and running of logging operations is very difficult. It is a constant battle with nature, beginning with seasonal changes in the weather and ending with the destruction of wood by fires and diseases. To win a victory in this battle the loggers must have well-laid, methodical and efficient plans at their disposal.
TIMBER TRANSPORTATION .
Timber transportation by water is the oldest and cheapest method used in logging industry. When floated, the logs are carried by the water itself. Transporting logs by floating is generally, inexpensive because large volumes of timber can be moved in short space of time and few men are needed. There are disadvantages, however, such as appreciable losses of timber due logs sinking, and dependence on the weather. Of course, only floatable timber can be sent in this way.
To make a raft it is necessary to lash several logs together with a wire rope. A raft is best formed by lashing together logs of almost equal thickness. This size of the raft depends upon the rafting waterway itself. On narrow streams the raft will be narrower and shorter on broad rivers with steady current.
Another method of transportation is towing rafts by a diesel or gasoline engine tugs. This is advantage on stream with a slow current where the motor craft considerably speeds up the transportation. There is disadvantage as well. The motor craft has to return to the log landing without carrying useful cargo.
It should be remembered that logs floated by water may sink. The sinking of logs results in the loss of wood, which is a raw material. The losses of timber due to sinking depend on the species size of logs, degree of dryness, length of time in the water and other factors. Drying timber before floating has the greatest influence on the floatability of logs. The lower is the moisture content in the logs the higher is their float ability.
The removal of the bark is known to increase the floatability of logs. A series of experiments, having been successfully carried out, the scientists came to the conclusion that it was not profitable to float unbarked, birch logs. Barked logs do not absorb water, as rapidly unbarked ones.
Transporting logs by the railways is suitable only for large quantities of timber. As a result of the rapid development of various economical and reliable road vehicles, logging railways systems are being used to a less extent throughout the world.
There is a trend to use lorries of timber transportation because we have practically no losses of wood in this case. Besides, lorry transport is very much quicker.
TIMBER FLOATING IN FINLAND.
Finland is a forest land with the total area of 338,450 square kilometers. Water systems including lakes and rivers make up one tenth of area of the country. These water systems are the natural transport routes and open great possibilities for the exploitation of Finnish forests.
It should be noted that water systems in Finland are distributed evenly throughout the whole country. It means that timber can be moved by water from practically every corner of the country. The location of the rivers and the direction of the flow being exceptionally advantageous, nearly all the water systems of Finland are considered to be economically suitable for timber transportation.
In spring the snow and ice on the rivers melt without causing the disastrous floods. Being excellent regulating basins the lakes of Finland collect the spring time flood waters and prolong the period of floating.
The rains keep up the water level high enough to the end of the summer. Therefore floating is possible in the principal water systems up to the time when the waters freeze. Finnish lakes are known to make very suitable sites for the collection and storage of timber between, during and after floating season.
Logs are usually floated in rafts with the current or they are towed. The efficient diesel tugs with a hydraulic winch are widely used for floating rafts.
At first, timber floating in Finland was used only to meet the needs of building industry. The quantities of timber floated were small. The water-driven sawmills having been built; the quantities of timber floated began to grow. At the end of the 18-th century the export of sawn wood got great economic importance.
In addition, the cellulose and paper industry started its steady development at the end of the 19-th century. All these factors contributed greatly to the expansion of timber floating. The amount of timber floated was growing until the beginning of the World War 2. After the World War 2 motor transport has expanded greatly in Finland as over the world. Therefore the average volume of timber floated has remained the same as in the second half of the 1930-s.
WHO DICTATES THE FOREST FUTURE?
What do we know about wood? What are the properties of wood? Where can it be used?
One American lumberman said at the scientific conference of loggers that if wood were discovered to-day it would startle the world because of the remarkable qualities it has for diversified use. And really, there is no sphere of human activity or industry which does not need timber nowadays.
But is today"s logger capable of the forest at the lowest cost and with the least loss of volume? The logger is known to plan the logging operations and select the machines to help him to do the job. The quality of the work in the forest determines knows soon a crop of new trees is established. Any avoidable damage to residual trees and poor utilization of the cut-down trees detracts from the possibility of permanent timber production.
Full utilization of the felling products is at the same time sound conservation of the forest. But is it really possible to achieve the comprehensive utilization of forest products, including the processing of low-grade timber and felling waste?
A good model of the machine which helps to solve the problem of effective use of timber is the Seshch-2 made in Latvia. Very often only the trunk of a tree is used by industry, its branches and needles being burnt. The Seshch-2 makes it possible to process feeling waste into marketable products. Nowadays the potential of using tree greenery as a raw material for medicine and perfumery is no longer in doubt.
Indeed man has learnt to put wood to effective and diversified use. But will he be able to protect the forest from complete eradication? The sad but well-known fact is that man has to protect nature primarily from himself. Loggers, foresters, hunters, fishermen, tourists, workers of woodworking industry should constantly care for the forest"s future. It is important that every man if he lives not only for himself should the proverb: "A man who has not planted a tree during his life time lived in vain."
Thus we may say that the future of the forest will be dictated by man.
The present trend towards preserving and renewing the forest as one of the chief nature-transforming factors in the Earth s ecological system is very great. The timber resources will never diminish if the forest is properly managed.
SOME FACTS ABOUT WORLD FOREST RESOURCES
Many years ago virgin forest covered a far greater part of the earth’s surface than they do today. As populations increased and agriculture expanded, a great number of forest stands were completely annihilated. But even today the forest areas of our planet are still very great.
The world forest resources are being evaluated by the specialists of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Nowadays forest are known to cover a quarter of the earth’s land surface, but only a part of these forest is in the regions where it is economical to fell and extract the timber. For this reason only a fraction of the world forest resources is being utilized now. It is interesting to note that of the 8000 million acres of the world’s forests, only about 3000 million acres are being commercially exploited.
The main regions in which the forests have been cut out to a great extent are China, India, North Africa, and North America. On the other hand, there are vast forest resources in the tropical forest zone, Siberia and Canada which is still untouched by the lumberman’s saw.
From forest growing stocks about 56 billion cubic feet are harvested annually. More than half of this is softwood species of trees. Softwoods are known to be widely used both for construction purposes and making furniture. Hardwoods are more used for special purposes. For example, oak is used for flooring, furniture, cooperage and balsa for floats and carvings.
The trees we obtain timber from vary in size and quality, all depends on their local environment. The climate, soil, geographical position-each of these factors has its effect on the growth of a tree and hence on the quality of the timber which this tree produces.
The world forests require general care and proper management. Foresters all over the world take active part in the works aimed at preserving the forests for the future generations of people. If properly managed, the forest may remain an unexhaustible source of valuable raw materials for many centuries to come.
FIGHTING FOREST FIRES .
Forests have many enemies, but the greatest one is fire. The so-called crown fires can spread over large territories, burning out valuable forest stands.
Sometimes fires burn over the surface of the ground but do not reach the treetops. Such surface fires may leave the big trees living, and for this reason some people consider them to be not worth worrying about. But these fires are very harmful to the forest. In the bases of big trees there appear open wounds through which insects and fungi enter. They increase the possibility of the tree being thrown by the wind. Surface fires kill the animals, burn the young trees and the leaves on the forest floor, and destroy the fertility of the soil.
The inflammation of forests varies from the geography, being greater in the North than in the South. The greater is the proportion of pine and fir in the forest, the greater is the possibility of inflammation.
Inflammation of forests also depends upon season. Most fires take place from Ma у to August due to meteorological conditions. Many causes of forest fires remain unknown, but careless use of fire is the cause number one.
That is why great attention is paid to anti-fire propaganda, which is carried out with the help of is press, radio and television. In most of the countries special state fire control services have been or are organized and special anti-fire societies are formed.
Certain preventive measures have been worked out against fires. While felling operations are in progress in the forest the dead and low quality trees and branches of trees are usually burned out. It is usual practice to build a network of firebreaks and fire-belts in the forest, which may hold a fire out and give no possibility for its further movement. The workers operating in the forest are recommended special places for resting and smoking.
Aviation takes an active part in fighting forest fires. Airplanes bring f iremen-parachutists, patrol large areas and spray fire retarding chemicals over the forest.
How great damage may be caused by fires is clearly seen from the following example. At the end of 1984 in the state of Montana, the USA, forest fires went out of control. The fires had started with lightning strokes on parched ground but soon strong winds whipped the flames higher and spread them across the whole of the state. On the territory of 225,000 acres rangelands became bold and forests were charred, hundreds of residents had fled their homes and countless livestock and horses had died.
THE PROBLEM OF ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION
Environmental protection is the main problem facing humanity nowadays. The image of a sick planet has become firmly established in the public mind lately.
Ten years ago the word "ecology" hardly meant anything for the majority of people, but today we can"t help bearing it in our minds. It has happened because of the growing effect of the rapid industrial development of the natural world which has negative features of its own. As a matter of fact the state of environment has greatly worsened of late.
There is no doubt that soil, water and air are contaminated with toxic wastes. Over the past few years we have been constantly speaking about ozone holes, droughts, high level of radiation, about food contaminated with chemicals. Scientists in many countries are very much concerned about drastic changes in weather patterns. The worst drought, the mildest winter and the most devastating hurricanes have become typical in those parts of the world where they used to be a rare occurrence.
Weather patterns have been changing recently due to the global warming-up process and its major reason - the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is created by carbon dioxide emissions, released by industrial facilities and a constantly increasing number of cars. Thus it is of vital importance that the world should start cutting down the release of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. What is the reason for people getting so much worried about the state of environment? The answer to this question is fairly simple. The thing is the deterioration of the environment is telling heavily on people. They are paying for this with their health. And it is obvious what all people need is a healthy environment.
To solve this burning problem it is necessary for people to combine efforts, to raise safety standards at all industrial facilities, to adequately process by-products of industry, to set up an international space laboratory to monitor the state of environment and set up an international centre for emergency environmental assistance. All these measures will help us in solving these important problems and prevent us from dangerous illnesses and diseases.
VALUABLE RAW MATERIAL FOR INDUSTRY .
Wood is one of the most important natural materials used in all branches of industry. Over 5000 different types of wood products are manufactured annually. Certain of these have been known for a long time.
Wood of different species has been widely used for construction purposes and home needs since prehistoric times. Men quickly learnt that the wood of one tree served their needs better than that from another. For example, the materials for the axe head have changed (stone, bronze, iron) from age to age but the materials preferred for the handle has been the same over thousands of years ― the wood of tough and supple ash.
Modern technology has confirmed the prehistoric discoveries. For example, the wood of ash is threaded through with large pores and forms distinct rings, which alternate with rings of strong and hard summerwood. That is why such structure makes ash very strong and yet elastic, able to withstand repeated hard shocks when used as the handle of an axe or a hammer.
Nowadays wood is widely used in housing construction and furniture making. Being available in large quantities wood as a fibrous material is used for the manufacture of cellulose and paper.
Wood is easily worked with different tools and machines. Energy requirements for processing wood are several times less than those in mining or metallurgy. It takes about 1500 kilowatts hours of electricity to convert certain amount of trees to a ton of sawn timber while the production of the same weight of aluminum, for example, requires energy 45 times as much.
But wood can burn. Insects and fungi can attack it. So people had to look for some ways of avoiding deterioration of wood. To protect wood against biological attack of is possible to impregnate it with preservatives. Special chemicals called flame retardants can protect wood from fire.
Wood is very strong under tension and compression. If it were a homogeneous structure it would be an ideal material combining lightness and strength. Unfortunately, owing to its fibers being arranged axially wood is very easy to split along the grain. The production of hard and strong fiberboards out of sawdust mixed with mineral substances can be considered a solution of the problem of splitting wood.
Nowadays wood is still used as fuel. But when wood is burnt 90 per cent of its value is lost. Therefore further research efforts are now being spent to make this useful material accessible for other purposes.
RESISTANCE OF WOOD TO DECAY
There is one property of wood that confuses many people. It is its resistance to decay. We may assume that if a wood is hard, strong, dense and well seasoned, it will resist root. And really, there exist much hard, strong and dense timber that resists decay irrespective of any conditions. But on the others hand, there exist other timbers equally hard, strong and dense that decay rapidly if exposed to dump, even though they have been well seasoned beforehand.
Numerous investigations having been made, scientist came to a conclusion that resistance to decay depends entirely on the chemical properties of timber, no its physical ones. Rot is usually caused by fungi, insects or marine borers. Certain woods – irrespective of their strength, hardness and density-hold chemical substances that are poisonous to invading organisms, other timbers do not. These natural chemicals are found only in the heartwood of some trees. The sapwood of all trees is considered to be non- durable .
Even non – durable woods last a long time if kept it dry, because the fungi causing decay need some moisture for life and growth. Non – durable woods may also last a long time at the bottom of a lake or the sea, because in that situation there is insufficient air for decay organism to grow.
Nowadays most timbers are treated first with a preservative chemical, especially if timber is to be used in situations where the attack of insects or fungi is possible. This gives the most non-durable woods a service life comparable to that of oak-forty years or more.
Many factors should be taken into consideration when selecting a wood preservative. For example, a substance that is readily soluble in water may be excellent for indoor use but worthless for treating wood to be used outdoors. On the other hand, substance with a pronounced odor may be satisfactory for treating wood to be used outdoors but totally unsuitable for indoor use.
The ideal wood preservative has yet to be found, but some properties which would be desirable for such a chemical may be enumerated just how. A preservative, for example, should be highly toxic to fungi and insects, readily penetrating into wood, chemically stable, easy to apply and not dangerous to those applying.
Of course, it should be taken into account that even the best preservative only prolongs the life of wood, it does not guarantee immunity from attack forever.
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
The utilization of wood as a raw material or in a finished product depends on the physical properties of this material. The fact that wood is very strong, yet light in weight makes it an ideal building material.
The properties of wood are determined largely by its structure and composition. The size, number and distribution of cells, the amount of cells wall substance, its chemical composition-all contribute to the different properties of wood. Since the structure and composition of different species vary widely, there is a similar variety of properties in different woods.
The relationship between wood and moisture is very important for the utilization of wood. Wood absorbs moisture readily in both liquid and vapor form. One of the main disadvantages of wood from an engineering standpoint is that it is dimensionally unstable. Other structural material such as metal and concrete may expand and contract with temperature changes, but wood is affected very little by temperature. Instead, wood may shrink or expand on changes in moisture content. Wood transmits heat slowly, so its thermal conductivity is very low, while its insulating value is high. Thermal expansion of wood is very small in comparison to other structural materials.
The two properties of wood related to electric current are resistance to the passage of electricity and conductivity. They vary with changes in moisture content of the wood. Dry wood is a good insulator. As the moisture content of the wood increases, resistance decreases. So wet wood is a good conductor of electrical current. The resistance of wood is affected by temperature too. Woods of high density present more resistance to electric current that wood of lower density.
The mechanical properties of wood are those properties which deal with the strength of the material. Wood as well as any other material has tensile, compressive and bending strength.
It should be remembered that each wood has definite qualities, properties and characteristics-color, weight, grain, strength, durability, stiffness. They generally determine the uses for each species. Some woods such as oak, longleaf pine and Douglas fir are strong and durable and therefore make excellent construction timber. The cedars, redwood and chestnut, being exceedingly durable, make excellent poles. Spruce has long strong fibers and is good for the production of paper.
RUUSSIAN FORESTS
Being an ecological frame of the Earth’s biosphere, the Russian Forests occupy 69 per cent from the total land area of the Russian Federation account for more that 20 per cent from the global forest resources. That is why ensuring sustainable and sound forest use, protection and restoration of Russian forests represents not only a national but also a global task of vital importance for the entire mankind.
As regards the amount and diversity of their ecological functions, forests are of special value as compared with other natural complexes. They provide for regulation and cleaning of water flows, soil conservancy and improvement in natural fertility, the most complete conservation of genetic diversity, and enrichment of atmosphere with oxygen, prevention of air pollution and formation of a climate.
Forests are a source of many ecologically; clean food resources for satisfying diverse needs of people, they represent a human environment conducive to maintaining people’s spiritual and physical health.
Therefore, forests serve as a central link in nature conservancy and natural regulation of overwhelming majority of environmental processes. It is the forests that are a natural base contributing to human survival. Maintenance and enhancement of national forest resources, as the principal goal of efforts of the Federal Forest Service of Russia, can be attained by means of implementation of sustainable forest management. This means that forestry should ensure sound use of forest resources, functions and benefits which are of value for present and future needs of human civilization. Of special value is the balance of interests of different population groups, industries and forest administration bodies, with respect to forest utilization within specific areas, available timber and nonwood resources, their processing, development of relevant economic structures, providing for the employment of all population groups, without causing any damage to environmental quality and biodiversity of forest.
FOREST FIRE PROTECTION
The area of land that is classified as Class I and Class II for fire danger, which is characterized by low flammability, takes up 32.7% of the Forest Fund. Class III of forest danger is characterized by medium flammability and takes up 30.3% of land area. Class IV and Class V (high and extremely high flammability) amount to 37.0% of the total Forest Fund area. The average amount forest area that is annually burned by forest fires totals about one million ha and varies considerably, depending on climatic conditions. Creeping fires are the most common and they burn away about 90% of the total forest fires area.
In the Russian forests, anywhere from 17 to 36 thousand forest fires are registered annually. About 20.9 thousand fires were spotted in 2001, and the area totaled about 868 thousand ha. This is 372 thousand ha less than in 2000. The mean area of a forest fire has decreased by 24.8 ha and amounts to about 41.6 ha. The damage caused by forest fires in 2001 was estimated at 2.9 billion rubles. There are two major reasons for forest fires, which are: anthropogenic (due to agricultural burnings and human carelessness), and natural (lightning).
According to the forest flammability analysis, over the past 10 years, up to 72% of forest fires are caused by humans, about 7% result from agricultural burnings, 7% originate from lightning and 14% of fires are due to other causes. Figure 15 presents the data on the forest fires caused in 2001. Up to 40% of the fires in Siberia and the Far East are caused by lightning. Fires, caused by humans, usually occur in the areas of highly developed infrastructure. According to the Forest Code, forest fire protection is carried out by ground and aerial methods. Almost 751.2 million ha are under aerial and ground observation. The forest fire fighting service employs about 100 thousand people to work on land, and a network of technically equipped divisions, such as fire tanks, fire land rovers, tractors, bulldozers, high-pressure pumps, fire extinguishers, and other tools, has been developed. Every forest management unit is equipped with forest fire towers that are provided with TV and remote control equipment. The federal fire fighting body, called “Avialesookhrana”, is comprised of 23 air bases – 4 of which have their own aircraft divisions, conducts all aerial forest fire observations. The total number of staff amounts to 3.7 thousand persons.
Forest fire suppression costs amounted to 621.3 million rubles in 2001, but only 485.4 million rubles were covered by the Federal budget. The damage caused by forest fires, which have the tendency to increase in number and area, as well as their frequency and the extreme situations caused by massive and overwhelming forest fires, which take place about 2-3 times a decade, allow forest fires to be in the category of emergency status.
From forest fire suppression experience, it has become clear that forest protection propaganda against forest fires has to be enhanced, involving different social and age groups of the local population. Also, timely detection by applying space, aerial and ground methods, as well as further development of specialized forest fire fighting units has to be enhanced. GIS technologies help greatly in making forecasts, providing flexible and timely assistance, strengthening operative maneuverability, and with the stationing of the fire fighting brigades.
There is a need for forest fire zoning of the Forest Fund area, especially in Siberia and the Far East. This work requires re-working the current legislation and paying special attention to the environmental and economical assessment of the consequences of forest fires.
Еще значения слова и перевод НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО с английского на русский язык в англо-русских словарях.
Что такое и перевод НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО с русского на английский язык в русско-английских словарях.
More meanings of this word and English-Russian, Russian-English translations for НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО in dictionaries.
- НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО — Political economy
- НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО — Political economics
Русско-Американский Английский словарь - НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО — national economy
- НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО — national economy
- НАРОДНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО — national economy народное хозяйство: national economy
- ХОЗЯЙСТВО — n. economy; плановое хозяйство, planned economy
Russian-English Dictionary of the Mathematical Sciences - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — Economy
Русско-Американский Английский словарь - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — 1. тк. ед. economy плановое хозяйство — planned economy мировое хозяйство — world economy народное хозяйство — national economy сельское …
- ХОЗЯЙСТВО — с. 1. эк. (способ производства) economy; простое товарное ~ simple commodity economy; 2. (производство, экономика) economy; 3. (отрасль производства) branch …
Русско-Английский словарь общей тематики - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — farm
Новый Русско-Английский биологический словарь - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — Facilities(economy)
Russian Learner"s Dictionary - ХОЗЯЙСТВО
Русско-Английский словарь - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — с. 1. тк. ед. economy плановое хозяйство — planned economy мировое хозяйство — world economy народное хозяйство — national economy …
Russian-English Smirnitsky abbreviations dictionary - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — ср. 1) только ед. economy заниматься (домашним) хозяйством — to keep house, to look after the house, to be occupied …
Русско-Английский краткий словарь по общей лексике - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — (народное) economy, farm, farmstead, household
Русско-Английский словарь по строительству и новым строительным технологиям - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — economy, hearth
Русско-Английский экономический словарь - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — с. 1. эк. (способ производства) economy; простое товарное ~ simple commodity economy; 2. (производство, экономика) economy; 3. (отрасль производства) branch of production; (производственная единица) …
Русско-Английский словарь - QD - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — ср. 1) только ед. economy заниматься (домашним) хозяйством - to keep house, to look after the house, to be occupied …
Большой Русско-Английский словарь - ХОЗЯЙСТВО — хозяйство facilities;economy;equipment;property
Русско-Английский словарь Сократ - ECONOMY
- ECONOMICS
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - ECONOMY — сущ. 1) хозяйство, экономика, народное хозяйство market economy ≈ рыночная экономика national economy ≈ народное хозяйство, национальная экономика peacetime economy …
- ECONOMICS — сущ. 1) экономика; народное хозяйство international monetary economics ≈ международные денежные отношения industrial economics ≈ экономика промышленности planned economics ≈ …
Новый большой Англо-Русский словарь - VULGAR — 1. прил. 1) грубый; вульгарный; пошлый Syn: coarse, crude, gross, obscene Ant: exquisite, polite 2) заурядный, тривиальный, избитый …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - VERNACULAR — 1. прил. 1) народный; национальный; родной (о языке); местный (о диалекте); разговорный, просторечный (в отличие от литературного, научного, письменного языка) …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - POPULAR — прил. 1) народный popular election ≈ народные выборы popular government ≈ народное правительство 2) а) пригодный, адаптированный, понимаемый popular history …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - NATIONAL — 1. прил. 1) народный, национальный, относящийся к какой-л. нации national feelings ≈ национальные чувства national self-determination ≈ национальное самоопределение national …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - MILITIA — сущ. 1) милиция to call out, mobilize the militia ≈ вызвать милицию Syn: police 2) ист. народное ополчение; милиционная …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - HOUSEKEEPING — сущ. домашнее хозяйство; домоводство to do housekeeping ≈ вести хозяйство light housekeeping ≈ небольшое хозяйство домашнее хозяйство; домоводство - light …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - HOUSEHOLD — 1. сущ. 1) семейство, семья; домочадцы, домашние (включая челядь); все, кто живет в конкретном доме the Household ≈ 1) Двор …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - HOUSE — 1. сущ.; мн. -s 1) дом; жилище; здание to build, put up a house ≈ строить дом to redecorate, refurbish, …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - FARMING — сущ. 1) сельское хозяйство to be engaged in farming ≈ заниматься сельским хозяйством chicken farming collective farming cooperative farming dairy …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - FARM — 1. сущ. 1) а) ферма on a farm ≈ на ферме chicken farm ≈ птицеферма dairy farm ≈ молочная ферма …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - EDUCATION
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - CLAMOUR — 1. сущ. 1) шум, крик, ор Syn: noise, sound, murmur 2) шумные протесты; возмущение, ропот a clamour against increased …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - CLAMOR — сущ. ажиотаж, бум, шумиха Syn: sensation, ballyhoo шум, крики - the * of an angry crowd крики раздраженной толпы …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - AGRICULTURE — сущ. сельское хозяйство; земледелие; агрономия Board of Agriculture ≈ министерство земледелия (в Англии) Syn: farming сельское хозяйство земледелие; агрокультура; …
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - НАРОДНЫЙ — people"s; (о собрании и т. п.) popular; (о песне, поэзии, обычае и т. п.) popular; folk …
Англо-Русско-Английский словарь общей лексики - Сборник из лучших словарей - VULGAR — vulgar.ogg 1. ʹvʌlgə n (the vulgar) арх. презр. толпа, чернь 2. ʹvʌlgə a 1. 1> вульгарный; грубый; развязный, противоречащий общепринятым …
Англо-Русско-Английский словарь общей лексики - Сборник из лучших словарей - POPULAR — popular.ogg 1. ʹpɒpjʋlə n 1. массовая газета или массовый журнал см. тж. popular press 2. эстрадный концерт 2. ʹpɒpjʋlə a …
Англо-Русско-Английский словарь общей лексики - Сборник из лучших словарей - CLAMOUR — clamour.ogg 1. ʹklæmə n 1. шум, крики the clamour of an angry crowd - крики раздражённой толпы 2. 1> громкие …
Англо-Русско-Английский словарь общей лексики - Сборник из лучших словарей - ECONOMY — economy сущ.1) хозяйство, экономика, народное хозяйство market economy — рыночная экономика national economy — народное хозяйство, национальная экономика peacetime economy …
Англо-Русский словарь Tiger - VULGAR — 1. [ʹvʌlgə] n (the ~) арх. презр. толпа, чернь 2. [ʹvʌlgə] a 1. 1) вульгарный; грубый; развязный, противоречащий общепринятым нормам …
- POPULAR — 1. [ʹpɒpjʋlə] n 1. массовая газета или массовый журнал [ см. тж. ~ press] 2. эстрадный концерт 2. [ʹpɒpjʋlə] a …
Новый большой Англо-Русский словарь - Апресян, Медникова - NATIONAL — 1. [ʹnæʃ(ə)nəl] n 1. гражданин, подданный (какого-л. государства) French ~s - французские граждане Belgian ~s - бельгийские подданные …
Новый большой Англо-Русский словарь - Апресян, Медникова - CLAMOUR — 1. [ʹklæmə] n 1. шум, крики the ~ of an angry crowd - крики раздражённой толпы 2. 1) громкие требования; …
Новый большой Англо-Русский словарь - Апресян, Медникова - КОРЕЯ — КОРЕЯ Республика Корея. Республика Корея была провозглашена 15 августа 1948. За период после образования до 1994 южнокорейское государство жило при …
Русский словарь Colier - ЕГИПЕТ — ЕГИПЕТ С 1922 Египет считается формально независимым от Великобритании государством. С 1923 страна развивалась как конституционная монархия с исполнительной властью, …
Русский словарь Colier - АЛЬЕНДЕ — (Allende, Salvador) (1908-1973), также Сальвадор Альенде Госсенс (Allende Gossens), один из основателей и лидер Социалистической партии Чили, президент страны в …
Русский словарь Colier - ФИНЛЯНДИЯ — ФИНЛЯНДИЯ Страна располагает ограниченными запасами полезных ископаемых, а ее значительные гидроэнергетические ресурсы используются недостаточно эффективно. Основное богатство страны - лес, …
Русский словарь Colier - МАРОККО — МАРОККО Марокко - конституционная монархия, располагающая развитым аппаратом внутренней безопасности и традиционными монархическими институтами, слабо структурированной системой политических партий и …
Русский словарь Colier
ХОЗЯЙСТВО - ХОЗЯЙСТВО, хозяйства, ср. 1. только ед. Общественная форма производства, совокупность производственных отношений того или иного общественного уклада (экон.). Натуральное хозяйство. « До 60 х годов прошлого столетия в России было очень мало фабрик … Толковый словарь Ушакова
Хозяйство - В экономике хозяйство это совокупность всех средств производства, используемых людьми в целях обеспечения своих потребностей. Сельское хозяйство Плановое хозяйство Народное хозяйство Натуральное хозяйство Товарное хозяйство Домашнее хозяйство… … Википедия
хозяйство - См … Словарь синонимов
ХОЗЯЙСТВО - эксплуатация полезной продукции, получаемой в ходе культивации используемого объекта. Хозяйство бывает: заповедно охотничье, лесное, лесоохотничье, охотничье, рыбное, прудовое, озерное, морское и т. п. Экологический энциклопедический словарь.… … Экологический словарь
ХОЗЯЙСТВО - ХОЗЯЙСТВО, а, ср. 1. То же, что экономика (в 1 знач.). Натуральное, крепостническое х. Рыночное х. 2. Производство, экономика (во 2 знач.). Народное х. страны. Мировое х. Сельское х. 3. Оборудование какого н. производства. Фабричное х. 4.… … Толковый словарь Ожегова
ХОЗЯЙСТВО - совокупность природных и сделанных руками человека средств, используемых людьми для создания, поддержания, улучшения условий и средств существования, жизнеобеспечения. Райзберг Б.А., Лозовский Л.Ш., Стародубцева Е.Б.. Современный экономический… … Экономический словарь
хозяйство - 1. Производственная единица. 2. Производство. Экономика. 3. Оборудование производства. Тематики бухгалтерский учет … Справочник технического переводчика
хозяйство - сущ., с., употр. сравн. часто Морфология: (нет) чего? хозяйства, чему? хозяйству, (вижу) что? хозяйство, чем? хозяйством, о чём? о хозяйстве; мн. что? хозяйства, (нет) чего? хозяйств, чему? хозяйствам, (вижу) что? хозяйства, чем? хозяйствами, о… … Толковый словарь Дмитриева
хозяйство - , а, ср. 1. Все, что составляет производство; экономика. * Плановое хозяйство. * Плановое ведение хозяйства. (Отличительная черта социалистического способа производства). ◘ То же слово Plan во вновь образованных словах стало выступать … Толковый словарь языка Совдепии
хозяйство - вести домашнее хозяйство действие вести лесное хозяйство действие вести хозяйство действие заниматься сельским хозяйством действие, непрямой объект заниматься хозяйством действие, непрямой объект заняться сельским хозяйством действие … Глагольной сочетаемости непредметных имён
ХОЗЯЙСТВО - Водить/ вести хозяйство. Разг., Смол. Хозяйничать. ССГ II, 66. Вязать хозяйство. Сиб. То же, что Водить хозяйство. ФСС, 40. Робить хозяйство. Прикам. То же, что водить хозяйство. МФС, 85 … Большой словарь русских поговорок
Книги
- Хозяйство и право с точки зрения материалистического понимания истории , Рудольф Штаммлер , Тип. М. Меркушева, переплет: твердый, формат: обычный. Предлагаем вашему вниманию издание ХОЗЯЙСТВО И ПРАВО С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОГО ПОНИМАНИЯ ИСТОРИИ. Книга является… Категория: Нехудожественная литература Издатель: Типография М. Меркушева , Купить за 6650 руб
- Хозяйство и общество. Очерки понимающей социологии. Право , Рудольф Штаммлер , Книга представляет собой третий том четырехтомного издания труда Макса Вебера "Хозяйство и общество". Это первый полный перевод знаменитого сочинения на русский язык. В настоящий том включены… Категория: Социология. Обществознание Издатель:
Русское сельское хозяйство
The agriculture has been and remains a very important sector of Russian economy. Many our agriculture products are well known in other countries. Russia can cultivate practically all known farm crops due to various climatic parameters on its large territory. Our country cultivates different kinds of cereals (rye, oats, wheat, barley, maize, etc.), vegetables (potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), fruits (apples, pears, plums, peaches, etc.) and very many kinds of berries.
Сельское хозяйство было и остается очень важным сектором российской экономики. Многие виды нашей сельскохозяйственной продукции хорошо известны в других странах. Россия может выращивать практически все известные сельскохозяйственные культуры благодаря разнообразным климатическим условиям на ее огромной территории. Наша страна выращивает различные сорта злаков (рожь, овес, пшеница, ячмень, кукуруза и т.д.), овощи (картофель, свекла, морковь, помидоры, лук, огурцы, капуста и т.п.), фрукты (яблоки, груши, сливы, персики и т.д.) и очень много сортов ягод.
Animal breeding is a very important field of our agriculture. Cattle farming and poultry farming give us various kinds of meat (beef, lamb, pork, turkey, etc.), eggs and milk.
Животноводство является очень важной областью нашего сельского хозяйства. Скотоводство и птицеводство дают нам различные сорта мяса (говядину, баранину, свинину, мясо индейки и т.д.), яйца и молоко.
There are many big agricultural enterprises and many small private farms in Russia. The number of these private farms tends to increase.
В России много крупных сельскохозяйственных предприятий и много маленьких частных ферм. Количество таких частных ферм имеет тенденцию к увеличению.
The modern agriculture in Russia has many critical problems. The deficit of agricultural machinery belongs to the most difficult problems. The condition of agricultural machinery in Russia is very poor and the high cost makes the rate of its replacement week and slow. But the citizens of Russia believe that the Russian agriculture will solve all existing problems in the future.
Современное сельское хозяйство в России демонстрирует много серьезных (критичных) проблем. Дефицит сельскохозяйственной техники относится к наиболее сложным проблемам. Состояние сельскохозяйственной техники в России очень плачевно, а высокая стоимость делает темпы ее замены и обновления слабыми и медленными. Но граждане России верят в то, что российское сельское хозяйство в будущем решит все существующие проблемы.
текст на английском языке с переводом