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Judicial Reform 1719. The provincial reform of Peter I. Continuation of the former traditions

Judicial reformconducted in 1719, ordered, centralized and strengthened the entire judicial system of Russia. The main task of reform is the department of the court from the administration. At the head of the judicial system stood a monarch who solved the most important state affairs. He was a supreme judge and disassembled many cases on their own. On his initiative, the "office of search cases" arose, which helped him exercise judicial functions. Prosecutor General and Ober-Prosecutor were subject to Court's court. The following judicial authority was the Senate, which was appellate instance, gave clarification to the courts and disassembled some cases. The court of Senate was subject to senators (for official crimes).

Justice College was appeal Court In relation to the surviving vessels, he was the authority of the department over all the courts, I disassembled some of the cases as a court of first instance.

Regional courts Consisted from the surviving and lower vessels. The presidents of the survival ships were governors and vice-governors. Cases passed from the lower court in the first time in order of appeal if the court declined the case to predeston, by order of the highest instance or by decision of the judge. If the sentence is Cassail death penaltyThe case was also transferred to the approval of the North Court.

The judicial functions performed almost all the colleges, excluding the Foreign Affairs College. Political affairs viewed the Transfiguration Order and the Secret Office. The procedure for passing cases of instances was confused, the governors and the governors intervened in court cases, and the judges in administrative.

In this regard, a new reorganization was conducted judicial bodies: The lower courts were replaced by provincial (1722) and switched to the disposal of the voevod and thesesors, the surrounding courts were eliminated and their functions were transferred to the governors (1727).

Thus, the court and the administration again merged into one body. Some categories of affairs were completely withdrawn from the general judicial system and were led by other administrative bodies (Synod, orders and others). In Ukraine, in the Baltic States and Muslim regions there were special judicial systems.

Feature of the development of procedural legislation and judicial practice In Russia, it was the replacement of a competitive principle of the principle of investigative, which was determined by the exacerbation of the class struggle.

Speaking about the development of procedural law under Peter I, it is necessary to note the freeness, the challency of reforms in the field of judiciality and legal proceedings. There were three law of the procedural legislation of the end of the XVP - the beginning of the CHVH. One of them was a decree of February 21, 1697. "On the cancellation of full-time business cases, about being instead of questioning and wanted ...", the main content of which was the complete replacement of the court by the Rosak.


In April 1715 The "brief image of processes or litigation" (one volume with the articula of Military) came out. "Brief image" was the Military Procedure Code, established general principles search process. It consolidated a system of judicial authorities, as well as the composition and procedure for the formation of a court. In the "brief image" contain procedural norms; Definition is given trial, its types are qualified; It is determined by the new institutions of the process of that time (Conduct SalF, an answer statement); The system of evidence is determined; The procedure for drawing up the announcement and appealing of the sentence is established; The norms about torture are systematized.

Decree of November 5, 1723. "On the form of the court" was canceled search for form The process is introduced the principle of competition process. For the first time it is required that the sentence is based on "decent" (relevant) articles material law. The changes made by the Decree "On the Form of the Court" were not so principled. In fact, the decree was created in the development of a "brief image".

The judicial system of the period of Petrovsky reforms was characterized by the process of strengthening the centralization and bureaucratization, the development of the estate justice and served the interests of the nobility.

Started $ 18 $ December $ 1708 $ 4. "On the establishment of the provinces and the Russians to them". The final view of Petrovsky transformations in this area purchased after the second provincial reform $ 1719.

Note 1.

The reason for the reform consisted in overcoming the outdated $ XVIII $ c. administrative division and ensuring the army during the Northern War. Created by the provinces had a connection with the distributed shelves directly.

The territory of the country was divided at $ 1708. $ 8 $ 8. Gubernia:

  1. Moscow
  2. Ingermanland (St. Petersburg)
  3. Kievskaya
  4. Smolenskaya
  5. Kazan
  6. Arkhangelogodskaya
  7. Azovskaya
  8. Siberian

To $ 1714 $ G. The number of provinces increased: Astrakhan, Riga and Nizhny Novgorod appeared.

According to the reform, the head of the province was appointed governor-Generalwho had complete military and judicial power. In addition, the governors organized the work of the police and the court. Governors-General had several assistants for fees, organizing military management, justice, search, etc.

Complexity of reform

The provincial reform was carried out in parallel with the introduction of a collegial system. Therefore, King Peter I introduced advisors to the governors ( landraratov), which it was necessary to choose from local nobles. However, in practice, the idea failed: the governors themselves selected people, so the tips were canceled.

Example 1.

Governors were prescribed only by trusted people approximate to the king, for example, Menshikov A.D. He was the Governor General of St. Petersburg province.

But these proven people were too downloaded by affairs to constantly rule the provinces, and the vice-governors did not have such a latitude of authority, and in addition, they could not be too reliable.

It can be concluded that Peter I was well aware of the impossibility of managing such a huge country exclusively by the forces of one center, so he tried to carry out moderate decentralization, transfer the center of gravity to the place. But the first provincial reform was not too successful.

Second Regional Reform

After $ 10 $ local work administrative system According to the first provincial reform, at $ 1718, the events of the second stage began. The second reform has absorbed the achievements and experience of the failures of the first reform. In addition, if the first reform was performed primarily for the needs of the war, then with the approach of its end, it was necessary to arrange life within the country in peacetime.

The development of the reform was engaged in the Senate. He carefully studied the experiences of European countries in this matter. In May $ 1719, the introduction of a new administrative division began. At first he was accepted in St. Petersburg province, and from $ 1720 in the whole country. Thus, the state was divided into province, provinces and distributs. The main administrative unit has become provincesThe only there were $ 50 $. Led the province voevoda, smaller distribute - zemsky Commissioner. The province continued to exist as military districts, but the voivode did not obey the governor (only in military matters).

Then, the institution of elected new Zemstvo Commissioners from local nobles was founded to collect pillow. But this second attempt to introduce self-government fell again, because Nobles did not even want to just come to the congresses.

The activity of the governor was extensive: the collection of income from state industries, the construction of fortresses, ensuring the safety of the province, the judicial functions, the search for runaway. The governor and the provincial administration appointed the Senate, and they submitted to the colleges.

Results. Value

The regional reform of Peter I helped win in the Northern War due to a clear organization of the provision of troops by provinces.

The judicial and administrative power were divided among themselves. The management system was generally unified by country, regardless of regional characteristics.

At the same time, the total number of institutions and employees has greatly increased, which led to an increase in costs.

As self-governing units. By the XVIII century, the relationship between the center and the province was extremely complex and confusing, and the management of counties from the center is extremely cumbersome. Another important reason for regional reform Peter I was the need to create new system Financing and food and material support of the Army and Fleet for the successful Maintenance of the Northern War -1721.

The establishment of provinces

Subsequently, Peter increased the number of provinces for another three, forming the Riga, Astrakhan and Nizhny Novgorod, and Smolensk destroying as an independent, dividing it between the Moscow and Riga province.

Five of the ten provinces - Ingermanland, Riga, Arkhangelogodskaya, Azov and Astrakhan - were seaside, and they were attributed to the areas far from the sea. It was done so that tax fees with these areas contain a fleet (for the same purpose, 25 cities with counties were attributed to ship forests). Malorosia had his hetman government, but Russian garrisons were in the cities of the region, and in militarily, the region was managed by the Russian governor.

Control system

Heading the provinces were delivered by governors, people mostly military. The governors commanded the arms located in the provinces and at the same time were the main chiefs of civilian government. The governors of other provinces were not always military, for example, in the Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod province. No tasks on the device of local welfare on the governors were not rejected. They should have been: to collect government charges, the observance to ensure that all the duties falling on the province were fulfilled to be defined with the provincial number of recruits and labor people were delivered on time. If the governor delivered money, reserves, recruits in excess of the appointed number, then he was expected by the royal favor. If he was undecked, then the governor threatened the penalty for each missing person up to confiscation in favor of his estate.

On May 29, 1719, Peter approved the distribution on the provinces and other provinces. In the meaning of this decree, the province was to become the highest regional division, but this decree did not cancel the former provinces. This was due to the need for the existence of the provinces as military districts. The provincial voivode was not subordinate to the governor and only sometimes became subordinate to him as a military authorities, for example, on the recruit set. Then since 1722, the provincial court was made by a representative of the provincial court, and the governors became the presidents of the highest survival vessels, while the governor was not personally submitted to the governor, and the post-a collegial institution, which was the governor.

Peter's decree that the new regional management began to act from January 1, 1720, a little was realized, because the appointment to the secondary posts produced by the Borates was quite slow. For example, in September 1720, there were no x-ray in the Astrakhan province, nor a single commissioner, and in the Galician province, even in July 1721 there was no xentimeist.

During the 1720-1721, new local government was introduced throughout Russia. The province was headed by the province. Voivode had to be guided by special instructions. According to it, it was prescribed to manage the province of state interests, to take care of the external security of the province of the enemy invasion, not allow enemy spies to her. The governor was supposed to follow the internal security of the province, complying with the rights of all classes. He was even attributed to take care of the fortress peasants: the governor had to take the custody of the village of those landowners who turned out to be "non-abdominal and proteinies." Voivoda represented special notes in the Senate and College, memorials in which I made my considerations about ways to improve trade and manufactory. However, much, which was attributed to the instructions, could not be made in connection with the lack of any capabilities: for example, institution of hospitals.

To maintain the entire applied business in the Petrovsk province, Kamerir was, but also the governor participated in the fees. According to the instructions, the supervision of the provincial financial management was attributed to the governor. He was supposed to observe the correctness of the fee of the fees, as well as the provincial expenses.

The right hand of the governor and the chief executor on the financial part in the province was Kamerir. He was a direct head of state-owned property. Kameniru was subordinate to the Rentmester, Provitmister and Zemstvo Commissioners, granted to him reports. Kamerir led the correspondence, Zemskaya, Identiary and main book. All villages, yards were entered into the census. In the Zemsky book made the parish-consumable statements of the Zemsky Commissioners after verification. In the reading book - arrears, to the main - bounce and non-coordinated income of the provinces. As head cassenny property Kamerir was obliged to audit the treasury and provincial shops. At Kamerir, there was a Kamenir office that wrote out orders to the Treasury to the Rentreister for reception and the issuance of money, to the head of the provincial shopping stores on the reception and the issuance of bread.

In the province, rantmeters appeared - treasurers subordinate to Kameniru. Rentmeters prescribed a counter-board state. His duties included the reception of money coming from payers, Zemstvo Commissioners and magistrates, as well as issuing amounts on legal requirements.

The head of distributors stood Zemstvo Commissioners. Until 1724, the Commissioners prescribed the Camera Collegium. Since 1724, the so-called "Commissioners from Earth" began to operate next to these designated commissars, elected by county farmers from their environment for a certain period. The commissioner was instructed by the care of welfare, distribution of distribution. The commissioner was conducted by the elected rural police - Sotsk and dozen elders, elected for a year on special gatherings consisting of elder and elected. Elected at these gatherings were sent to the Voivodskaya Office, where they were put to the oath and gave them instructions. The observation of the Sotskaya Older is challenged about hundreds of peasant yards, which sometimes made a small district. From the inhabitants of the villages that were part of the hundreds were elected nine dozen subordinate to Sotska. Sotsky and the Tensky performed the duties of the lower police ministers at the Commissioner.

Zemsky Commissioner was the head of the police. He promoted the judiciary by the capture of criminals and delivering the court of all the references required by the judiciary. The Commissioner was also to take care of the state of roads and bridges, about the timely arrival and collection of monetary and natural duties.

With the introduction of the pillow of the Podachi and househouse of the army, all Russia, except for dividing on the province and distributs, was divided into oblivious distributions.

The meaning of the regional reform of Peter the Great

Regional reform of Peter I gave the state life of Russia bureaucratic character of the Western European sense. The reform played a significant role for victory in the Northern War of -1721, the division of the judicial and administrative authorities, military and civil service. However, the state of civil servants increased significantly, and therefore the cost of their content, although they were significantly less than in Sweden ..

Literature

  • Bogoslovsky MM M. "Regional reform of Peter the Great. Province 1719-1727. ". - M., 1902
  • Milyukov P. N. "The state economy of Russia in the first half of the XVIII century and the reforms of Peter the Great." - M., 1984
  • Klachov "Russian population under Peter is great on the census of that time." - C-PB, 1911
  • Morrok-Drozdovsky P. « Regional governance Russia XVIII. " - M., 1876

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Watch what is "Regional Reform Peter I" in other dictionaries:

    Regional reform of Peter I - The reorganization of the local self-government apparatus, produced in 1719, was created first 45, and later 50 provinces led by provincial governors. The provinces were divided into departures, counties - to distributes. The consequence of this was ... ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - early XX century

    Silver ruble. 1723 ... Wikipedia

  • Preface 3.
  • Chapter first. The main features of the regional reform of 171917
    • I. The general nature of the reforms of Peter the Great17
      • The legislation of the Moscow state17
      • The value of custom 18.
      • Fight reform with custom19
      • Comprehensive police officer Petra19
      • Mind as a guiding start of reform28
    • II. Absolutism M rationalism of the state of Peter V., as the general European phenomena of the XVII-XVIII century.30
      • Western European political reality30
      • Political ideas30
      • Dating Peter and Russian Society with this reality and ideas34
      • Rationalism of legislation of Peter.37
      • The need to change institutions due to the objectives of the reform40
    • III. Borrowing institutions from the West41
      • Sequence of Western influence41
      • Failure of independent political buildings43
      • Selection of Western agencies45
      • Why did the Swedish preference46
      • Recycling of Swedish institutions47
      • Fokerodt review about administrative reform50
    • IV. Proper settlement of institutions52
      • Lack of a common reform plan52
      • Disorder of the system of orders of the XVII century.54
      • Advantages of collegial order55
      • Distribution of cases between colleges57
      • Differentiation organs local government. Department of Court of Administration57
      • Branching authorities administration58
    • V. Single formation of regional separation60
      • Regulation of institutions61
      • Evolution Regional Unit61
      • Ginger 1708 63
      • Unit Gubernia63
      • Province and Distract65
    • Vi. Monotony of regional control68
      • Regional control of the XVII century.68
      • Department of Central Instanties from Regional71
      • Monotony of devices local organs 71
      • Monotony of their activities72
    • VII. Tasks set by institutions 171974
      • At the institutions of 1719, the spirit of time was reflected74
      • Bureaucracy 75.
      • Latitude of tasks shut off institutions78
      • Idealism reformer81
  • Chapter Second. Regional administrative institutions83
    • I. Organization of provincial institutions83
      • College Organization83
      • Camera Collegium84
      • Purpose of provincial state85
      • Entry into force86
      • The former administration is medelit to put together with the province89
      • Disorder in managing due to the change of administrations91
    • II. Relationship ratio to province and to central authorities92
      • Independent value of the province92
      • Attitude towards the governor93
      • Intervention of governors in provincial management94
      • The importance of the governor's division after 171995
      • Governors guard their independence97
      • Provinence ratio to Senate and Boards98
      • Her attitude to the Camera Collegium100
    • III. Police activities of the provincial administration103
      • Analysis of the Voivodian Instruction103
      • Activity of the governor according to the practice107
      • Care of safety110
      • Medicine and public charity112
      • Folk enlightenment113
      • Other Police Objects specified by the Instruction114
      • IV. Means and nature of the provincial administration117
      • Lack of resources for local satisfaction117
      • Lack of initiative as a result of exceptional work for the center119
      • Voivode - Agent Performer in Area121
      • The provincial administration of 1719 serves the continuation of the provincial 1708.122
    • V. The ratio of the provincial administration to the classes of provincial society124
      • Double functions of local authorities124
      • Attitude towards nobility. To what extent the provincial governor satisfies the interests of the nobility125
      • Fulfillment of the requirements of the government presented to the nobility128
      • The ratio of the provincial authorities to the city before the publication of the Regulation of the Main Magistrate129
      • Attitude after the publication of this Regulation133
    • Vi. The ratio of the provincial administration to the classes of provincial society138
      • Church lands. Separate them from the department of general adsinistracy and releasing monastic order138
      • Commissioners of the Synodal Team139
      • Intervention of the General Administration in the Office of Church Lands140
      • The government itself emphasizes such interference141
      • Palace land 142.
      • Summary 143.
    • VII. Financial activities provincial administration144
      • Financial activity of governor according to the instructions144
      • Activities in practice146
      • Responsibilities Kamenir146
      • The ratio of the governor to Kamenir147
      • Direct taxes 150.
      • Indirect fees 152.
      • Judicial activity Kamenir153
      • Rentmester 155.
    • VIII. Zemsky Commissioner156
      • Two periods in the history of the Institute of Zemstvo Commissioners156
      • Zemstvo Commissioner 1719-1724 Assigned to the Chamber Board157
      • County of the Zemsky Commissioner162
      • Attitude towards the governor and Kameniru164
      • Subordinate commissioners164
      • The activities of the Zemsky Commissioner. General165
      • Safety police165
      • Attitude to judicial authorities167
      • Executive activities170
      • Movie paths 172.
      • The movement of the regiments through District174
      • Wanting fees175
      • Attitude towards the city178
  • CHAPTER THREE. Regional judicial institutions180
    • I. Preparation of judicial reform180
      • Appointment by the President of the Justice College180
      • Preparatory work181
      • Project Matveev 183.
      • Project Fiking 186.
      • The meaning of both projects in the organization of judiciary187
      • Department of Court of Administration188
    • II. Central judicial institutions189
      • The trial of Senata189
      • Organization of Justice Ring192
      • The meaning of altitz-rings, as an organ informing the administration of judicial institutions194
      • The meaning of it as judicial rybunala198
    • III. Survival courtes201
      • Organization of regional judicial institutions201
      • Counties of surviving vessels202
      • The composition of the surviving vessels203
      • Project instruction in the survival205
      • Prosecutors with surplus courts210
      • Compartment of the survival court214
      • Comparison with the Swedish Original218
    • IV. Lower courts 1719-22.219
      • Collegiate lower courts219
      • Urban judges 221.
      • Competence of the Lower Court222
      • The lower courts are soles were not in the lower authority relative to the lower ships of collegial225
    • V. The relationship of judicial authorities230
      • Movement of cases of instances: on the initiative of the parties230
      • by the property of the case231
      • at the initiative of the judge231
      • at the initiative of the highest instance234
      • Extremely judicial decisions234
    • Vi. Judicial institutions and regional administration237
      • Retreat from the start of the separation of the authorities237
      • Apparel relationship I. administrative power according to law240
      • Relationship between them in practice. Participation of judges in the administration242
      • Administration of administration in court cases244
      • Clashing authorities and administration247
    • VII. Judicial reform of 1722251
      • Causes of the edition of decrees of 1722251
      • The device of the judicial system for these decrees253
      • Provincial courts253
      • The value of the examors255
      • Judicial Commissars258
      • Number of instances 259.
      • The reaction rate of decrees of 1722260
      • The remnants of the separation of the authorities from 1722261
    • VIII. The results of judicial reform262
      • Changes in the process262
      • Causes of failure of judicial reform262
      • Highness of the court264
      • His powerlessness 267.
      • Disrespect270
  • Chapter fourth. Regional institutions of 1719 did not comply with the funds of society273
    • I. Failure of funds273
      • Preliminary comments273
      • Civil service reward with Peter274
      • The issue of the cost of regional institutions when discussing reform277
      • Malfunction of the treasury in the issuance of a salary279
      • The consequences of this malfunction283
    • II. Lack of personal funds286
      • Strengthened demand for reform to serve class286
      • Lack of ordinary Luda288
      • Looks like a means of control over the state of the service class290
      • Looking 1722. 292
      • Challenges at the sights distracted the service personnel from management obligations294
    • III. Lack of preparation for seruners298
      • New forms and tasks of the administration298
      • Education of the service personnel did not develop in it the qualities necessary for new requirements299
      • Abuse of the Regional Administration and Court303
    • IV. Supervision authorities311
      • Organization of the Fiscall Institute311
      • Responsibilities fiscals316
      • Oversight317
      • Attitude of the administration and society to the institute320
      • Senatorian audit324
      • Auditors of military sneaking326
    • V. Guardsmen as a supervision authorities in the province327
      • Nalial of supervisory organs327
      • Peter's attitude to Guard328
      • Guardsmen in the province329
      • Their attitude to the regional administration331
  • Chapter Fifth. Regional reform and pillow338
    • I. Census of the detention and revision338
      • The idea of \u200b\u200bthe pitchpiece and location of the army regiments on the soul338
      • Petering the population342
      • Census audit and organization "Census Office"344
      • The ambiguity of the social composition of the population as the reason for the slow progress348
    • II. Population resistance census359
      • Ways and Dimensions Fullies Shower359
      • Legislation on debt collection361
      • The urges of census the stationery in the development and execution of this legislation365
      • Other Census Slow Reasons369
    • III. Location of regiments on the soul371
      • Trial location of two regiments in the Novgorod province371
      • Drawing up a general layout of regiments376
      • Building "Eternal Apartments"383
      • Slow construction of buildings388
      • Move the regiments on the apartments392
    • IV. Provincial Administration and Census Office394
      • Census office acquire the nature of permanent institutions in the field394
      • Circle Operations396
      • Instructions for administrative cases397
      • References to the provincial administration400
    • V. Provincial administration and regimental headquarters406
      • The ratio of regiments to the population406
      • Colonel's participation in local management: Coupling408
      • cases related to the production of collection409
      • cases of a hostile character410
      • The ratio of the regimental administration to the provincial412
    • Vi. Election Commissioner from Earth420
      • The distinction of it from the Zemstvo Commissioner appointed by the Camera Collegium420
      • The first general elections of the Commissioners from the Earth at the end of 1723421
      • Elections of the Commissioner had the meaning425
      • A change in the value of the county noble corporation425
      • Signs of corporate activities of county noble societies in the first quarter of the XVIII century.431
      • Election congresses for the choice of commissioners from the Earth435
    • VII. Election Commissioner from Earth440
      • Regiment Distract440
      • District value in the formation of distributs442
      • Instruction Commissioner from Earth443
      • Commission Commissioner from Earth with Regiment446
      • Responsibilities of the Commissioner from the Earth over the collection of puffers447
      • His attitude to the Camera Collegium449
      • His attitude to the provincial and regimental authorities450
      • The former Camera College Summer Commissioners continue to exist in 1724-27.452
      • Summary Heads Fifth457
  • Chapter Six. Cancellation of regional agencies of Peter Great460
    • I. Summary of the previous one460
      • Ideals reform 460.
      • Activities of administrative institutions462
      • Judicial institutions465
      • Regional institutions and society468
      • Influence of pillow469
      • Moments in the destruction of regional institutions470
    • II. Financial Disorder at the end of the reign of Peter471
      • Draft change in the administration proposed by the fic471
      • Feedback Cochaus 474.
      • Inaccurability of reporting474
      • Dimensions of nodoimok476
    • III. Disorder of the national economy479
      • Farmhouses 479.
      • Increased approximation: increasing tax numbers482
      • top puff fees484
      • location of the puffer in connection with the escape of the peasants487
    • IV. Regional institutions of Peter V. were considered in 1725-27. as a cause of disorder of finance and national economy494
      • Zaguzhinsky note494
      • Report of the Senate 497.
      • Opinion of general studio498
      • Opinions in the Supreme Secret Council: Criticism of the Regional Reform of Peter500
    • V. Cancellation of regional institutions of Peter V.508
      • Withdrawal of military teams from counties508
      • Cancellation of xentimeters and WaldMeister509
      • Reaction glances510
      • Features of the Voivods of 1727: Merge512
      • Restoration of the governor in the cities where they were in the XVII century.516
      • Hierarchical order518
      • Tasks of the local administration of chance of 1728520
    • Vi. Positive results Regional reform 1719522
      • Liability of regional institutions 1719522
      • They were not based on consciously and firmly learned principle523
      • They did not interest the ruling public class529
      • Influence of regional institutions of Peter V. on the further order of local governance535
  • Appendices 539.

The division of the country on the province (first 8, and a little later by 10 provinces), and the provinces in turn entered the share mainly due to military and financial needs. But when the Northern War began to approach its logical conclusion, Peter 1 began to think about how the state will be arranged after the war - in peacetime. In 1718, when Peter 1 conducted a reorganization of local self-government, it was working on the creation of a board. The establishment of the colleges Peter 1 took over the neighbors, namely from the Swedes. As you know, the regional division in Sweden had 3 degrees: lower division, secondary division and higher division. The prototype of Russian administrative territorial division Figured the Swedish system. But it was not just copying. For example, Swedish herald (average degree of administrative-territorial division) included up to a thousand yards with peasants, and in Russia District (an analogue of Swedish Gerad) covered almost 2 times more courtyards with a rural population. This was due to the goal of saving budget funds At the salary of officials. The more districts, the more people must manage and, accordingly, money will spend more money for their content. For the same reason, the Senate refused to introduce Swedish lower divisions - Kirspili.

Innovations

The decision of the Senate on the introduction of territorial division of such Swedish Peter 1 approved in 1718, and to be more accurate, then on November 26. Already next 1719 in July, Peter 1 introduced a new administrative and territorial division in St. Petersburg province. And a year later, in 1720 he introduces the same division throughout the country. 14 provinces were created in the St. Petersburg provinces on a new separation. In turn, each of the fourteen provinces was divided into 5 districts, each District had in its composition from 1500 to 2000 yards with a rural population. At the head of each province stood the governor. The head of the Districts stood the Zemstvo Commissioners. Also in the provincial management there were other positions: the Zemsky Secretary was responsible for the entire stationery of the Governor; Kamerir performed the funds of finance chief in the province; Rentmester collected and kept money in the execution of the province (on another x-ray), in other words, the x-ray system can be called treasurer; Also also became other small ranks in the provincial management. Each boss had in submission of scribe and the funeral.

In the period from 1720 to 1721, new management in the provinces and distributs was introduced throughout Russia. As mentioned above, the head of each province was the governor. The governor had special instructionshe had to stick to. This instruction said that the governor had to manage the province in the interests of the Russian state, to protect the province from external threats. Also, the governor was obliged to control the inner calm of the province. The governor had the right to transfer memorials to the Senate (special notes) in which wrote that it is necessary to improve or change to increase trading or improving manufactory.

The second most important after the governor was Kamerir. He was not only a treasurer of the province, but also ordered government property. He led the record of income and expenses of the province. In the submission of Kamenir were x-ray (treasurers in the obligations of which was the collection of money from payers, magistrates and Zemstvo Commissioners)

Districts, as you already know, began to manage the Zemstvo Commissioners, they were the heads of the Distric Police. In submission of the Zemstvo Commissioner were Sotsk and Ten Old Towns. Sotsky older as it is clear from the name observed about 100 yards, sometimes from several villages. In these villages, the dozen elders were chosen, which in turn submitted to the Sotsshet. Sotsky elder and the Teng Starright had the role of policemen in these villages and followed the order. These elders submitted directly to the Zemstvo Commissioners. The duties of the Zemstvo Commissioner included not only the tracking of the rule of law on the territory of the distribution, but monitoring the state of bridges and roads in the conduct of its distribut.