Presentation on the topic: Ensuring radiation safety of the population. Presentation "ensuring radiation safety of the population" Rules and regulations in force in Russia
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Security radiation safety of the population Ensuring radiation safety of the population Health and safety teacher XxHuchev Yu.V. MBOU OOSH D. Hiidenselga
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Lesson plan 1. Introduction 2. Major achievements in the field atomic energy 3. Damaging factors 4. Types radiation exposure on people 5. Methods of protecting people 6. Evacuation from the zone of radiation contamination 7. Conclusion Life safety teacher Linguist A.A MBOU OOSH D. Hiidenselga
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Major achievements in the field of atomic energy 1939 - discovery of the uranium fission reaction I.V. Kurchatov substantiated the need for the development of nuclear energy 1954 - the first in the world Nuclear Power Plant, Obninsk. 1957 - nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" Use of atomic energy - submarines and surface ships with nuclear installations, - search for minerals, the use of radioactive isotopes in biology, medicine, and space exploration Nuclear energy: pros and cons Advantages nuclear power plants(NPP) before thermal (CHP) and hydroelectric power plants (HPP) are obvious: there is no waste, gas emissions, there is no need to carry out huge volumes of construction, erect dams and bury fertile lands at the bottom of reservoirs. When used correctly, these are clean sources of energy.
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Damaging factors radiation exposure (people, animals, plants and devices sensitive to radiation are exposed) radioactive contamination (structures, communications, equipment, transport, property, food, agricultural land and the natural environment are exposed).
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Types of radiation exposure on people: external exposure due to the passage of a radioactive cloud; internal exposure as a result of consumption of contaminated food and water; external exposure due to radioactive contamination of the surface of the earth, buildings, structures, etc. contact irradiation upon exposure radioactive substances on skin and clothing internal exposure from inhalation of radioactive aerosols, fission products (inhalation hazard)
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During a radiation accident, zones are formed: a zone of possible hazardous radioactive contamination; zone of emergency measures to protect the population; zone preventive measures; restricted area; radiation accident zone.
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After stabilization radiation situation in the area of the accident the following zones may be established: exclusion zones; temporary resettlement; strict control.
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Exposure of people to a single dose of 100R or more is called acute exposure. Single irradiation (in the first 4 days) Multiple irradiation (more than 4 days) Pulsed (when exposed to penetrating radiation) Uniform (when irradiated in a radioactively contaminated area) When determining permissible radiation doses, take into account
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On the territory of the Russian Federation for the population, the average effective radiation dose is 0.1 rem per year. Estimated standards for human radiation safety: 450 rem - severe degree of radiation sickness 100 rem - the lowest level of development of radiation sickness 75 rem - short-term minor change in blood composition 25 rem - permissible emergency exposure personnel (one-time) 10 rem - permissible emergency exposure of the population (one-time) 5 rem - permissible exposure of personnel in normal conditions per year 3 rem - radiation exposure during dental fluoroscopy (local) 500 mrem - permissible exposure of the population per year 100 mrem - background radiation per year.
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Methods of protection: shelter in protective structures, folds of the terrain, lie down on the ground. When exposed to industrial building There are three fire zones: 1) the zone of burning and smoldering in the rubble; 2) continuous fires; 3) individual fires; Penetrating radiation. Valid< 15 секунд. нейтронный поток. При воздействии радиации на здания и сооружения в large doses themselves Construction Materials become sources of radiation. Radiation leads to a decrease in labor productivity of enterprises, because It is necessary to work in protective equipment. Penetrating radiation affects the installation of electronic devices (capacitors, diodes, etc.) and photocells. Radioactive contamination. Lasts for a relatively long time. Sources of contamination: products formed as a result of a nuclear reaction, hot particles (nuclear fuel), nuclear fuel that has not reacted. Depending on the type of explosion (ground, underground) - contamination of the area and air, i.e. creation of a radiation environment.
Sections: life safety fundamentals
Class: 8
Lesson objectives:
- Educational: studying the influence of radioactive radiation on the human body; give the concept of radioactive contamination and explain why it is dangerous; show how radiation affects the human body; teach the rules that must be followed when living in an area of possible radioactive contamination.
- Educational: promote the development of ideas about radiation, its positive role and negative effects on humans;
- development of skills to set goals and achieve their achievements. Educators:
to cultivate a culture in the field of protection from the consequences of radioactive contamination, to develop cognitive interest in the topic being studied.
- Lesson objectives:
- Familiarize yourself with the basic concepts of radiation, consider sources of radiation, study the main types of ionizing radiation; study the units of measurement of radiation dose; familiarize yourself with radiation safety standards.
- Establish the consequences of radioactive influence on living objects
- Leadership development; ability to speak in front of an audience, listen, analyze a situation, and draw conclusions.
Fostering a responsible attitude towards personal safety.
Lesson type: lesson of initial presentation of new knowledge.
Equipment: textbook, notebook, multimedia projector, computer, tables, presentation. Planned results: students understand the effect of radiation on humans, know how to use the means personal protection
, understand the dangers of radioactive contamination and what the immediate actions of the population are when notified of radioactive contamination of an area.
Personal significance of what is being studied for the student: understand why fluoroscopy is not recommended frequently.
Teaching methods: search, problem-based.
- Study questions:
- Ionizing radiation and its types.
- Sources of radiation (natural and artificial).
- Internal and external irradiation of the body.
Human Radiation Safety Standards.
Forms of organizing educational activities: independent work with information material, drawing up a table, performing independent tasks, giving an oral response at the board, individually communicating new information for the class (report), exercising self-control and reflection.
Techniques of the teacher: creating conditions for posing a problem, helping students find answers and resolve controversial issues, creating a situation of success, summing up the results of the work. Development of student skills: interact in groups,
apply knowledge in a new situation, solve non-standard problems, establish cause-and-effect relationships, develop abilities for self-analysis.
Basic concepts of the lesson: radioactivity, radioactive substances, radiation hazardous objects, radiation accident, radiation level, radiation dose, X-ray, BER.
- Main stages of the lesson.
- Organizational moment (Greeting the teacher, preparing workplaces)
- Updating knowledge.
- Learning new material. Independent creative use of developed skills and abilities
- Dynamic pause
- Primary consolidation of knowledge.
- Reflection of activity.
- Homework.
Sources of information: Fundamentals of life safety. 8th grade: textbook for general education institutions/A.T. Smirnov, B.O. Khrennikov - M.: Education, 2011.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
Greetings. Marking absentees, preparing workplaces
2. Setting the goal of the lesson.
Let's try to remember your feelings, what do you feel when you visit a fluorography booth?
Remember your condition when you spend a long time (contrary to recommendations) at the computer?
What do you think we will study in class today?
State the purpose of the lesson.
Additionally, we will learn about the radiation situation in the Irkutsk region.
We will learn to work with additional literature and extract the necessary information from it; compose small messages, outline their contents and formulate questions; think and answer questions clearly, solve problems and test assignments, evaluate your work.
3. Updating knowledge.
From chemistry lessons, remember what unites such substances as uranium, radium, strontium?
– There are special substances in nature that tend to spontaneously disintegrate and transform into new substances, while they emit unknown rays and release energy. Such elements are called radioactive.
What can you say about the events at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant?
– On April 26, 1986, a reactor exploded at Europe’s largest nuclear power plant, killing thousands.
(The topic “ Accidents involving the release of radioactive substances”)
4. Studying new material.
A person is born and lives in conditions of constant radiation. Natural background radiation exists and has always existed everywhere. Therefore, there is no need to be afraid of radiation. But at the same time, there is no need to neglect it either. In small doses it is harmless, easily tolerated by humans without any consequences, but in large doses, unfortunately, it can be fatal.
Radiation plays a huge role in the development of civilization at this historical stage. Thanks to the phenomenon of radioactivity, a significant breakthrough was made in the field of medicine and in various industries, including energy. But at the same time, the negative aspects of the properties of radioactive elements began to appear more and more clearly: it turned out that the impact radiation exposure can have tragic consequences on the body.
Currently, there are 10 nuclear power plants operating in Russia, the share of nuclear energy today is 16%. By 2030, it is planned to build 26 new reactors in Russia, and electricity production should increase from 16 to 23%. For this purpose, 674 billion rubles will be allocated from the Federal budget. The development of the nuclear industry violates human rights and freedoms, and most importantly, the right to a healthy environment.
All living organisms on Earth, including humans, are constantly exposed to ionizing radiation caused by natural background radiation.
TO natural sources of radiation include cosmic radiation and radioactive substances located on the surface, in the bowels of the Earth, in the atmosphere, water, plants and organisms of all living beings inhabiting our planet ( Annex 1).
Sources of cosmic radiation are stellar explosions in the galaxy and solar flares. Solar cosmic radiation does not lead to a noticeable increase in the radiation dose on the Earth's surface.
One of the most common sources of radiation is radon. It is an invisible, tasteless, odorless, heavy gas (7.5 times heavier than air). It is released from the earth's crust everywhere. Its concentration indoors is usually 8 times higher than outdoors. The best protection against it is good ventilation of basements and living rooms.
Other sources of radon entering residential premises are water and natural gas. When water is boiled, radon evaporates, but in raw water there is much more of it. The main danger is if it enters the lungs with water vapor. Most often this happens in the bathroom when taking a hot shower.
Under the ground, radon mixes with natural gas and, when burned in cookers, heating and other heating devices, enters the premises.
The annual dose to people from natural sources is approximately 30-100 mrem (0.03-0.1 rem). There are five known geographical areas on our planet in which the natural background radiation is significantly greater than in others. These are Brazil, France, India, Niue Island in the Pacific Ocean and Egypt. The population living in these areas was carefully examined. However, no connection has been established between increased radiation levels and biological damage.
TO artificial sources of ionizing radiation include: production associated with the use of radioactive isotopes, nuclear power plants, transport and research nuclear power plants, special military facilities, X-ray equipment and medical radiation therapy equipment, as well as household emitters.
External and internal human irradiation.
Depending on whether the source of radiation is located outside or inside the body, external and internal irradiation of a person is distinguished.
External irradiation of the body is produced by cosmic rays, as well as natural and artificial emitters located in the air, in the ground, in the walls of a room, or used for industrial, scientific, medical and domestic purposes.
The location of a person plays a significant role in this. The higher it is above sea level, the stronger its irradiation, because the thickness and density of the air layer of the atmosphere decreases as it rises, reducing its protective properties.
Thus, people living in areas located at sea level receive a dose of external radiation per year that is 6 times less than those living at an altitude of 4000 m. At an altitude of 12 km, the radiation dose due to cosmic rays increases approximately 25 times.
Internal exposure depends on radioactive substances entering the human body with exhaled air, food, and water.
Radioactive gases inhaled with aerosols enter the respiratory system. From there they penetrate the blood, lymph, and gastrointestinal tract and spread throughout the body, settling in various organs and tissues: bones, liver, spleen, thyroid gland, etc. When air is inhaled through the nose, up to 83% of radioactive dust is retained.
The second way radioactive substances enter the human body is the digestive tract. From it, these substances are absorbed into the blood and enter various human organs.
The entry of radioactive substances into the human body through the skin is possible with open wounds and injuries.
The insidiousness of radioactive elements is that a person cannot detect them; they have no color, no taste, no smell. To detect them, special devices are used - dosimeters.
Accidents involving the release of radioactive substances pose a particular danger.
During a radiation accident, the main threat to human life and health is ionizing alpha, beta and gamma radiation. (Presentation)
Alpha radiation is ionizing radiation consisting of alpha particles (helium nuclei) emitted during nuclear transformations. Alpha particles spread over short distances: in the air - no more than 10 cm, in a living cell - up to 0.1 mm.
They are completely absorbed by a sheet of paper and do not pose a danger to humans, except in cases of direct contact with skin.
Beta radiation is electronic ionizing radiation emitted during nuclear transformations. Beta particles spread in air up to 15 m, in biological tissue - to a depth of 15 mm, in aluminum - up to 5 mm. A person's clothing weakens their effect by almost half. They are almost completely absorbed by window glass and any metal screen several mm thick. But they are also dangerous in contact with skin.
Gamma radiation is photon (electromagnetic) ionizing radiation emitted during nuclear transformations and propagating at the speed of light.
Gamma particles spread in the air over hundreds of meters and freely penetrate clothing, the human body and significant thicknesses of materials. This radiation is considered the most dangerous for humans.
Using a paragraph from the textbook, independently define the basic units of measurement and write them down in your notebook: radiation dose, x-ray, BER.
The radioecological situation in the Irkutsk region is characterized by diversity. This is due, first of all, to the peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory and its geographical location.
Approximately 24% of the region's territory belongs to the high radon hazard zone. This is the folded frame of the Siberian Platform (the Baikal-Patom Plateau in the northeast of the region, the foothills of the Baikal Range in the eastern part of the region and the Eastern Sayan Mountains in the southwest).
The radon problem is typical for almost all northern cities and towns in the region. In total, about 40% of the territory of the Irkutsk region, including the most densely populated Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo region, belongs to the zone of potential radon hazard. In these areas, high concentrations of radon are possible in residential and public buildings.
The highest concentrations of radon are observed in one-story houses, where there is practically no forced ventilation and protection against the penetration of radon from the soil into the room. Intense radon conditions are observed in the following villages: Elantsy, Khuzhir, Kuret of the Olkhon district, Bolshoye and Maloye Goloustnoye, Bolshie Koty, Karluk, Bolshaya Rechka, Listvyanka of the Irkutsk district, Shamanka, Podkamennaya of the Shelekhovsky district, Kultuk of the Slyudyansky district, also the village of Ust-Ordynsky Ust- Horde district. In these populated areas In 10-30% of residential buildings, sanitary standards for radon exceeding 100 Bq/m3 were recorded. In almost all cities of the region, buildings were identified in which high concentrations of radon of more than 100 Bq/m 3 were found - in Irkutsk, Usolye-Sibirsky, Ust-Kut, Zheleznogorsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Kirensk.
The village of Belaya Zima, Tulunsky district, located on a rare metal deposit, stood out in terms of radon levels in housing.
5. Dynamic pause.
6. Consolidation of knowledge.
1) Work is organized in groups.
Imagine that you are members of an environmental group who need to conduct an environmental audit and speak to the public about the problems of the radioecological situation in the Irkutsk region. After studying the documents, you must make your verdict on the issue of importing radioactive waste into the region. (application).
2) Game “Catch the ball”. I ask questions, throw the ball, and you answer.
- What does it serve? main characteristic degree of danger of ionizing radiation?
- What is the name of the time during which the radioactivity of radioactive elements decreases by 2 times?
- What is included in ionizing radiation?
- (alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation).
The most dangerous radiation for humans is gamma radiation.
7. Reflection.
You all have leaves on your tables with the name of one of the types of ionizing radiation: blue (alpha radiation), yellow (beta radiation), red (gamma radiation).
Blue - I am active and confident in class, what I heard in class is relevant and meaningful to me, I am satisfied with my results.
Red – I didn’t understand everything, my results upset me, I have something to work on at home...
8. Homework. §5.2
For those interested: find additional material on the issue being studied on the Internet, and prepare a message.
Prepare computer presentations on the topic “The influence of radiation on the human body”
Development nuclear power inevitable in the world. The use of nuclear power plants greatly increases the total energy resources available to humanity and eliminates the threat of “energy starvation.” Nuclear power plants pollute the environment less harmful substances, use highly transportable fuel: 1 kg of uranium provides the same energy as 2.5 thousand tons of the best coal.
Statistics
In Russia, nuclear power plants currently produce 17% of electricity. According to this indicator, our country is inferior to developed countries. Thus, in the USA, 20% of electricity is produced at nuclear power plants, in Germany - about 30%, in France - more than 74%.
Nuclear power plants in normal operation do not pose a health hazard to either personnel or the population living in a 30-kilometer zone. Dangers in the use of nuclear energy arise during accidents at nuclear power plants. Nuclear energy places increased demands on the construction and operation of plants, the level of personnel qualifications, and the accuracy and reliability of equipment. At the same time, it puts forward increased demands on the level of general culture in the field of safety of the entire population.
Everyone should know this
In order to ensure radiation protection population of our country in 1995 was adopted the federal law“On Radiation Safety of the Population”, which defined the state policy in the field of radiation safety of the population in order to protect their health. The law defines basic concepts related to radiation safety that you need to know, since they relate to the personal safety of everyone. Let's list them:
- radiation safety of the population- this is the state of protection of present and future generations of people from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on their health;
- natural radiation background- this is the dose of radiation created by cosmic radiation and radiation from natural radionuclides naturally distributed in the earth, water, air, and other elements of the biosphere, food products and the human body;
- technogenically altered background radiation- this is a natural radiation background, changed as a result of human activity;
- effective dose- this is the magnitude of the impact of ionizing radiation, used as a measure of the risk of the occurrence of certain consequences of irradiation of the human body and its individual organs, taking into account their radiosensitivity;
- sanitary protection zone- this is the area around a source of ionizing radiation in which the level of exposure of people under normal operation conditions of this source may exceed the established dose limit for the population. Permanent and temporary residence of people is prohibited in the sanitary protection zone, a restriction regime is introduced economic activity and radiation monitoring is carried out;
- surveillance zone- this is the territory outside the sanitary protection zone where radiation monitoring is carried out;
- radiation accident- is a loss of control over a source of ionizing radiation caused by equipment malfunction, faulty actions of workers (personnel), natural disasters or other reasons that could lead or have led to exposure of people above established standards or to radioactive contamination environment.
The law defines state regulation in the field of ensuring radiation safety and establishes the main hygienic standards(permissible dose limits) of exposure resulting from the use of ionizing radiation sources. Radiation safety standards have been developed (NRV-96/99), which have been introduced in Russia since January 1, 2000.
The standards stipulate that for the population the average annual effective dose is 0.001 sievert (0.1 rem), or the effective dose over a lifetime (70 years) is 0.07 sievert (7 rem).
For personnel of nuclear facilities, the average annual effective dose of 0.02 sieverts (2 rem), or the effective dose for the period labor activity(50 years) - 1 sievert (100 rem).
The law also states that the regulated values of the main radiation dose limits do not include doses created by natural background radiation, as well as doses received by citizens during medical X-ray procedures and treatment. Specified values Radiation dose limits are the starting point for establishing permissible levels of irradiation of the human body and its individual organs.
We live in a radioactive world because we live on a radioactive Earth. All natural sources of radiation create a natural radiation background in which we are born and live throughout our lives. Our body has adapted to this background. The total equivalent dose from natural radiation averages approximately 0.002 Sv per year (0.2 rem/h).
Radon- the most important of all natural sources of radiation. This colorless, tasteless and odorless gas is one of the decay products of uranium-238. It is quite heavy (7.5 times heavier than air). The main source of radon is soil. Radon is released mainly from geological faults and mines, but can be contained in the material of walls and even drinking water.
Man-made sources, including radiation hazardous objects, add to the natural radiation background.
Attention!
The combined effects of all natural and artificial radiation sources currently average 0.25 rem per year. Therefore, all people on Earth receive an average of 0.25 rem per year. This is taken as the starting point when establishing permissible levels of radiation exposure to the human body.
Currently, our country is taking measures to ensure the safe operation of nuclear energy, which are designed to prevent the release of radionuclides into the environment during normal operation of nuclear power plants and even when accidents occur. This is achieved by creating certain barriers to the release of fission products into the environment.
Everyone should know this
To ensure radiation safety of the population, specialists from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations have developed recommendations on the rules of behavior of the population living in close proximity to radiation dangerous objects.
1. When living in close proximity to radiation hazardous objects, you must:
- clarify the presence of radiation hazardous objects in your area of residence and obtain the most detailed and reliable information about them;
- find out from the nearest territorial emergency department the ways and means of alerting the population in the event of an accident at a radiation hazardous facility;
- study the instructions on the procedure for the population in the event of a radiation accident;
- create and have certain reserves of the necessary sealing materials, iodine preparations, food and water.
2. When receiving a warning signal about a radiation accident.
- If you are on the street, immediately protect your respiratory system with a handkerchief or scarf and take shelter in the nearest building, preferably in your own apartment. Upon entering the room, in the corridor you should take off your outer clothing and shoes and place them in a plastic bag or film.
- If you are in your home (apartment), immediately close windows, doors, ventilation openings, turn on the radio or television and be prepared to receive information about further actions.
- Be sure to seal the room and cover food. Use improvised means to seal cracks on windows and doors, and seal ventilation holes. Place opened products in plastic bags, bags or film. Place food and water in the refrigerator or in locked cabinets.
- When receiving instructions through the media, carry out iodine prophylaxis by taking one tablet (0.125 g) of potassium iodide for 7 days, and for children under 2 years old, 1/4 tablet (0.04 g). In the absence of potassium iodide, you can use an iodide solution: three to five drops of a 5% iodine solution per glass of water, for children under 2 years old, one or two drops per 100 g of water.
- When preparing and eating food, rinse all foods that can withstand exposure to water under running water.
- Strictly observe personal hygiene rules that prevent or significantly reduce internal exposure to the body.
- Leave the room only in emergency and for a short time. When leaving the room, protect your respiratory system, put on a raincoat, or cape, or standard skin protection.
- After returning, change clothes.
3. In preparation for a possible evacuation.
- Preparing for a possible evacuation involves collecting the most necessary things. These are documents, money, personal belongings, food, personal protective equipment, including improvised ones - capes, raincoats, rubber boots, gloves, etc.
- It is necessary to put clothes and shoes for the season, a one-day supply of food, underwear and other necessary things in a suitcase and backpack. Wrap your suitcase (backpack) in plastic wrap.
- When leaving the apartment during the evacuation, turn off all electrical and gas appliances, take quickly perishable food into the garbage bin, and attach a notice on the door “No one is in apartment no.”
- When boarding a vehicle or forming a column on foot, register with the chairman of the evacuation commission. When you arrive in a safe area, take a shower and change your underwear and shoes to non-contaminated ones.
4. Rules of behavior when living in radiation-contaminated areas.
- When living in an area where the degree of radiation contamination exceeds background standards, but is not higher than the dangerous limits of established doses, it is necessary to adhere to a special behavior regime, the observance of which to a certain extent can reduce the risk of additional exposure.
- Cleaning the room should be carried out using a wet method, carefully wiping off dust from furniture and window sills. It is not advisable to shake out carpets, rugs and other fabric coverings; it is better to clean them with a damp cloth or vacuum cleaner. It is advisable to rinse shoes worn on the street with water (especially the soles), then wipe them with a damp cloth and leave them outside the threshold of the apartment (house). It is advisable, if conditions exist, to leave outside the apartment (house) the outer clothing you wore on the street.
- Garbage from the vacuum cleaner and rags used during cleaning must be disposed of in a container dug into the ground. The yard area should be periodically moistened.
- When running a household plot, to reduce radioactive contamination of cultivated products, it is advisable to add lime, potassium fertilizers and peat to the soil. During harvesting, fruits, vegetables and root crops are not stored on the ground. Grown agricultural products are subject to radiation monitoring. When it is determined that they are dirty, they are washed.
- It is not recommended to eat fish and crayfish from local reservoirs, especially small ones. Harvesting of wild berries, mushrooms, and medicinal herbs can be carried out with permission local authorities in territories determined based on the results of radiation monitoring.
- In open areas, do not undress, sit on the ground or smoke; do not swim in open waters.
- Drink water only from proven sources, and food purchased in stores. Wash your hands thoroughly and rinse your mouth with a 0.5% solution of baking soda.
In conclusion, we note that in order to ensure the radiation safety of the population in the context of the development of nuclear energy, it is necessary to increase the level of knowledge of the entire population in understanding the essence of physical and biological processes associated with ionizing radiation, as well as knowledge of regulations and compliance with norms of behavior in the field of radiation safety .
Questions
- What is the international scale of events at nuclear power plants? What is its purpose?
- When and what standards (permissible dose limits) for public exposure were established in the Russian Federation?
- What measures are provided in our country to protect the population in the event of a radiation accident?
Exercise
You live in an area where the degree of radiation exposure to pollution exceeds permissible standards. Determine your course of action to ensure your personal safety.
Goals: Get to know general rules behavior in case of an accident at R.O.O. Form the main directions of behavior in the event of an accident at R.O.O. Form the main directions of behavior if you live in close proximity to R.O.O. Cultivating vigilance and self-control.
Radiation hazardous facility (RHO) - an object where radioactive substances are stored, processed, used or transported, in the event of an accident or its destruction, exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of people, farm animals and plants, economic objects, as well as the environment may occur. natural environment. ROO – radiation hazardous object
Radiation accident - an accident at a radiation-hazardous facility, leading to the release or release of radioactive substances and (or) ionizing radiation beyond those envisaged by the design for normal operation of this object boundaries in quantities exceeding the established safety limits for its operation. Radiation accident
When living in close proximity to R.O.O. necessary: Check the availability of R.O.O. in your area of residence; Find out in the nearest territorial department of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations ways and means of warning the population in case of radiation danger; Study the instructions on the procedure for the population in case of an accident at R.O.O.; Create and have certain reserves of the necessary sealing agents.
Actions to take when notified of a radiation emergency While outside, immediately protect your respiratory system and rush to shelter. To protect your respiratory system, use a respirator, cotton gauze bandage(VMP) or improvised fabric products moistened with water. Carry out iodine prophylaxis. Take one tablet (0.125 g) of potassium iodide for 7 days, for children under 2 years old - ¼ tablet (0.04 g) or iodide solution: 3-5 drops of 5% iodine solution per glass of water, for children - 1-2 drops.
1) wear personal protective equipment for the respiratory system and skin; 2) do not sit down or touch local objects unless necessary; 3) avoid driving through tall grass and bushes; 4) do not eat, drink, or smoke; 5) do not raise dust and do not place things on the ground. Movement through an area contaminated with radioactive substances Being in a zone of radioactive contamination, a person is exposed to radiation and as a result he may develop radiation sickness. When driving through areas contaminated with radioactive substances, it is necessary
Tests It is known that, being in a zone of radioactive contamination, a person is irradiated and may develop radiation sickness; poisoning; cancerous disease. Radiation has a specific pungent odor of ammonia; spreads along the ground at a low height; has no smell, color, taste. When driving through areas contaminated with radioactive substances, it is necessary to move through tall grass and bushes; periodically remove personal protective equipment and shake off dust; eat and drink only in clear, windless weather; wear personal protective equipment for the respiratory system and skin; do not sit down or touch local objects unless necessary; avoid driving through tall grass and bushes; do not eat, drink, or smoke; Do not raise dust or place things on the ground.
Tests When receiving an alert signal, you must: -Continue your journey further, not paying attention to what is happening; -Immediately protect your respiratory system; -Run home to quickly hide from possible radiation. -Iodine prophylaxis is carried out for: -- 7 days; days; days. -When living in an infected area, you must: -Follow special recommendations; -- Live an ordinary life;
Ensuring radiation safety of the population General issues radiation safety standards
- Radiation safety standards
- (NRB-96/99) are used to ensure human safety in all conditions of exposure to ionizing radiation of artificial or natural origin.
- The rules apply to the following types effects of ionizing radiation on humans:
- – under normal operating conditions technogenic sources radiation;
- – as a result of a radiation accident;
- – from natural sources radiation;
- – with medical exposure
- The main goal of radiation safety is to protect the health of the population, including personnel, from harmful effects ionizing radiation by observing the basic principles and standards of radiation safety without unjustified restrictions on useful activities when using radiation in various areas economy, science and medicine.
- Ionizing radiation when exposed to the human body can cause two types of effects that are classified as diseases in clinical medicine: deterministic threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation dermatitis, radiation cataract, radiation infertility, abnormalities in fetal development, etc.) and stochastic (probabilistic) non-threshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases)
- To ensure radiation safety during normal operation of radiation sources, it is necessary to be guided by the following basic principles:
- – Non-exceeding of permissible limits of individual radiation doses of citizens from all radiation sources (principle of standardization);
- – prohibition of all types of activities involving the use of radiation sources in which the benefit obtained for humans and society does not exceed the risk of possible harm caused by additional exposure (principle of justification);
- – maintaining at the lowest possible and achievable level, taking into account economic and social factors, individual radiation doses and the number of exposed persons when using any radiation source (optimization principle).
- Federal laws
- “On the use of atomic energy”
- This Federal Law defines the legal basis and principles for regulating relations arising when using atomic energy, is aimed at protecting the health and life of people, protecting the environment, protecting property when using atomic energy, is intended to promote the development of atomic science and technology, and contribute to the strengthening international regime safe use of nuclear energy
- “On radiation safety of the population”
- This Federal Law defines legal basis ensuring radiation safety of the population in order to protect their health
- “On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population”
- This Federal Law is aimed at ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population as one of the main conditions for the implementation constitutional rights citizens for health protection and a favorable environment
- “On approval of the Regulations on licensing activities in the field of atomic energy use”
- “On approval of the list of positions of employees of nuclear energy facilities who must obtain permits Federal supervision of Russia for Nuclear and Radiation Safety for the right to conduct work in the field of atomic energy use”
- “On the procedure for developing radiation-hygienic passports of organizations and territories”
- Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation
- “On the list of medical contraindications and the list of positions to which these contraindications apply, as well as the requirements for conducting medical examinations and psychophysiological examinations of workers at nuclear energy facilities”
- “On the rules for making decisions on the placement and construction of nuclear installations, radiation sources and storage facilities”
- “On approval of the Rules for organizing the system state accounting and control of radioactive substances and radioactive waste”
- General principles and methods for recording ionizing radiation
- Ionizing radiation (IR) is any radiation whose interaction with the environment leads to the formation of electrical charges of different signs. A distinction is made between directly ionizing radiation, consisting of charged particles with kinetic energy sufficient to create ionization upon collision, and indirectly ionizing radiation, consisting of quanta and uncharged particles, the interaction of which with the medium leads to the formation of directly ionizing radiation. Radiation source is a substance or installation that produces ionizing radiation.
- Radon is a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas - one of the decay products of uranium 238. It is 7.5 times heavier than air. The main source of supply is soil. Radon is released mainly from geological faults and mines, but can be contained in wall materials and even drinking water
- Dosimeters are devices that measure the exposure or absorbed dose of radiation or the power of these doses, the intensity of radiation, the transfer of energy or the transfer of energy to an object located in the radiation field.
- Radiometers are instruments that measure radiation to obtain information about the activity of a nuclide in a radioactive source, specific, volumetric activity, flux of ionizing particles or quanta, radioactive contamination of surfaces, fluence of ionizing particles.
- Spectrometers are instruments that measure the distribution of ionizing studies by energy, time, mass and charge of elementary particles, etc.; according to one or more parameters characterizing the fields of ionizing radiation.
- Universal devices combine the functions of a dosimeter and radiometer, radiometer and spectrometer, etc.
- Clarify the presence of radiation hazardous objects in your area of residence and obtain the most detailed and reliable information about them;
- Find out from the nearest territorial emergency department the methods and means of alerting the population in the event of an accident at a radiation hazardous facility;
- Study the instructions on the procedure for the population in the event of a radiation accident;
- Create and have certain reserves of the necessary sealing materials, iodine preparations, food and water
- If you are on the street, immediately protect your respiratory system with a handkerchief or scarf and take shelter in the nearest building, preferably in your own apartment. Upon entering the room, in the corridor you should take off your outer clothing and shoes and place them in a plastic bag or film.
- Immediately close windows, doors, vents, turn on the radio or television and be prepared to receive information about what to do next.
- Seal the room and cover food. Use improvised means to seal cracks on windows and doors, and seal ventilation holes. Place opened products in plastic bags, bags or film. Place food and water in the refrigerator or locked cabinets.
- When receiving instructions through the media, carry out iodine prophylaxis by taking one tablet of potassium iodide for 7 days, and for children under 2 years old, ¼ tablet. In the absence of potassium iodide, you can use an iodide solution: 3-5 drops of a 5% iodine solution per glass of water; for children under two years old, one or two drops per 100 grams of water.
- When preparing and eating food, rinse all foods that can withstand exposure to water under running water.
- Strictly observe personal hygiene rules that prevent or significantly reduce internal exposure to the body.
- Leave the premises only if absolutely necessary and for a short time. When leaving the room, protect your respiratory system, put on a raincoat or cape or standard skin protection.
- After returning, change clothes.
- State accounting and control of radioactive substances and radioactive waste is carried out for the purpose of:
- 1) determining the available amount of radioactive substances and radioactive waste at the points (locations) of their location, storage and disposal;
- 2) prevention of losses, unauthorized use and theft of radioactive substances and radioactive waste;
- 3) submissions in accordance with the established procedure to the authorities state power, organs government controlled use of atomic energy, organs government regulation safety in the use of atomic energy, environmental protection, relevant information on the presence and movement of radioactive substances and radioactive waste, including their export and import;
- 4) information support for making management decisions on the management of radioactive substances and radioactive waste in the interests of radiation safety of the population.
- Collecting the most necessary things: documents, money, food, personal belongings, personal protective equipment, including improvised ones - capes, raincoats, rubber boots, etc.
- It is necessary to put clothes and shoes for the season, a one-day supply of food, underwear and other necessary things in a suitcase or backpack. Wrap your suitcase (backpack) in plastic wrap.
- When leaving the apartment during evacuation, turn off all electrical and gas appliances, take out all perishable food into the garbage bin, and attach a notice on the door “There is no one in apartment No. __.”
- When boarding a vehicle or forming a column on foot, register. When you arrive in a safe area, change your clothes and shoes to clean, uncontaminated ones.
- Cleaning the room should be carried out using a wet method, carefully wiping off dust from furniture and window sills. It is better to clean carpets, rugs and other fabric coverings with a damp cloth or vacuum cleaner. The soles of outdoor shoes should be rinsed with water, but it is better to leave them outside the apartment. This also applies to outerwear.
- Vacuum cleaner debris and rags must be disposed of in a container dug into the ground. The yard area should be moistened periodically.
- To avoid radioactive contamination of cultivated products, lime, potash fertilizers and peat should be added to the soil. Do not place fruits on the ground during harvesting. Grown products are subject to radiation monitoring.
- It is not recommended to eat fish and crayfish from local reservoirs, especially small ones. Harvesting wild berries, mushrooms, and medicinal herbs can be carried out with permission from local authorities.
- In open areas, do not undress, sit on the ground or smoke; do not swim in open waters.
- Drink water only from proven sources, and food purchased in stores. Wash your hands thoroughly and rinse your mouth with a 0.5% solution of baking soda.
- Homework: clause 5.3