Traditions and customs of Canada presentation in English. Presentation on geography on the topic "Canada". Main trading partners
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In the 16th century in Rus', the process of unifying the lands around Moscow was completed. The artistic processes that accompanied the formation of the centralized Russian state are often called the “Russian Renaissance.”
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The development and strengthening of the state required a demonstration of its strength and power. Temple construction was perfectly suited for this purpose. Spassky Transfiguration Cathedral of the Novospassky Monastery in Moscow, 1645-47
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At the end of the 15th century, the central architectural and religious ensemble of the state was formed - Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin.
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Cathedral Square was not only the center of the main state churches. The most important types of Russian temple architecture are presented here: five-domed and single-domed churches, civil chambers, pillar bell towers. D. Quarenghi. Cathedral Square, 1797
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The Archangel Cathedral is the tomb of the Great Dukes and Tsars of Moscow (1505-1508). This is a majestic five-domed temple with Italian Renaissance features.
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The Assumption Cathedral is the main temple of the state, where kings were crowned and decrees were announced (1475-79). This type of temple would be cultivated for four centuries as the main, state one.
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The Annunciation Cathedral is the home church of Russian princes and tsars (remodeled in 1563-66). Such multi-domed temples will continue to express triumph and rejoicing.
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TO XVII century a large five-domed temple, in the development of which Patriarch Nikon took an active part, will become the only permitted official type of temple. Spassky Transfiguration Cathedral of the Novospassky Monastery in Moscow, 1645-47
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Very often, stone temples stood on the site of old wooden ones. The new buildings involuntarily transferred the familiar features of wooden architecture (tent tops, galleries, walkways, quadrangles and octagons). Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow, entrance to the gallery, 1533
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One of the most significant churches of this type was the Church of the Ascension in the royal village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow (1533).
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To protect the young Russian state, many fortresses were built. Most of the Russian fortresses that survive today were built at this time. Simonov Monastery near Moscow, Dulo Tower, 16th century (17th century tent)
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And the architects transferred the techniques of fortress construction to temple architecture. Temples appeared that resembled fortress towers - pillar temples. Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist in the village of Dyakovo near Moscow, 16th century
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In the most significant buildings, architects often combined the features of the construction of hipped and pillared churches. The most striking building of this type was the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (1552-54).
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Therefore, in the building itself they saw a symbol of Heavenly Jerusalem (the city of God), or the legendary city of Kitezh. The structure of the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral) reflected the central state idea of that time - the establishment of Moscow as the third Rome.
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The features of wooden construction, with its abundant carving decorations, were transferred by Russian masters to monastic and civil architecture. Krutitsky courtyard in Moscow, refectory windows, 1682
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Its almost Venetian appearance was perfectly complemented by the typically Russian “grass” ornamentation in the interiors.
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By the 17th century, the Moscow Kremlin had finally lost its defensive significance, and in accordance with new tastes, multi-tiered tents were erected above its towers.
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In the 17th century, an abundance of stone patterns came into temple architecture, giving rise to a special style - “Russian patterning”. Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, in Putinki, 1646-52
An educational presentation for a lesson on the history of Russia for grade 7 “Culture and education in the 17th century” is an auxiliary material for the lesson for students to present the features of the tent style and the “Naryshkin” baroque with examples of the Moscow architectural school.
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Architecture of Russia in the 17th century New types of architecture and traditions Educational presentation: teacher, Dmitrieva V.A. GBOU secondary school No. 45 St. Petersburg
Architecture of the 17th century The Time of Troubles contributed to the loss of stone art skills. The temples of the 17th century were more massive, simpler and rougher than the temples of the 16th century. Russian art of the 17th century. amazes with its exceptional combination of strict adherence to the established Orthodox tradition with the activity of new tastes and renewal of artistic techniques.
Tent (tent style) - in wooden and stone architecture of the 16th-18th centuries. completion of buildings in the form of a high tetrahedral or polyhedral pyramid. Typological options for tented temples: An octagon on a quadrangle (cruciform or cubic) A tent on a quadrangle without an octagon An octagonal temple without a quadrangle Composition of several tent-roofed aisles Tent-shaped churches were erected according to the orders of the kings, built in royal villages and on the estates of noble people.
MERCHANT TEMPLES Moscow Trinity Church in Nikitniki
“Wonderful pattern” - this is the name of one of the most beautiful pages of Moscow architecture of the 17th century. Built in 1628-1651. By order of the merchant Grigory Nikitnikov, on the site of the Church of St. Nikita the Martyr “on Glinishchi” that burned down in 1626, the temple was erected next to the courtyard of G. Nikitnikov. In 1904 in the basement of the central quadrangle, a chapel was built in the name of the Georgian Mother of God, whose icon (1654) was kept in the temple, which is why the Trinity Church was sometimes called the Church of the Georgian Mother of God.
Moscow Trinity Church in Nikitniki The entrance to the church is decorated with a tented porch (for the first time in church architecture), the similarity of the decorative forms of the porch, the covered gallery, the platbands of the two main windows of the southern facade and the internal portals of the church to the decor of the Kremlin Terem Palace (1635-1636) and its Upper Golden Palace The porches suggest that not all elements of this complex temple complex were built at the same time.
Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary Another interesting monument of the first half of the 17th century is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, “in Putinki”. During the three years of construction, from 1649 to 1652, the plans of the customers expanded, and the temple was replenished with more and more new premises.
In the last quarter of the 17th century, the type of Moscow parish church with a quadrangle of the main volume and a five-domed structure, a hipped bell tower and a one-story refectory was finally formed. This is the Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki (1676-1682). Its name is due to the settlement of weavers, or Khamovniki, located here in the 17th century. St. Nicholas Church in Khamovniki The temple is beautiful with its upward direction and orderliness of details. The impression of richness and patterning is achieved thanks to the red-green coloring of the decorative details, which clearly stand out against the white background of the wall.
Spaso-Andronnikov Monastery Spaso-Andronnikov Monastery was founded in 1359 on the steep bank of the Yauza River on the road from young Moscow to Vladimir. It was named after its first abbot Andronik, a student of Sergius of Radonezh. In 1425-1427 A large stone Spassky Cathedral is being built in the monastery. The great Russian icon painter Andrei Rublev took part in its creation. The cathedral amazes with its original appearance. The walls of the temple are decorated with strict blades, high stairs rise to the portals, and the top is very complex - it consists of multi-tiered zakomaras, echoing the keel-shaped ends of the portals. The lateral divisions of the facades with the same keel-shaped zakomaras are much lower. This enhances the vertical dynamics of the building. Even higher is the second tier of zakomaras, forming a crown at the base of the head. It is not for nothing that this temple was already endowed with the epithet “very red” in ancient times.
Novodevichy Convent. The monastery was founded at the beginning of the 16th century both as a monument to the liberation of Smolensk and as a fortress guarding the approaches to the capital from the southwest.
Temple of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye In 1532, the famous Church of the Ascension was erected here, which began the construction of stone tented churches. On the high bank of the Moscow River, the white pillar of the Kolomna Church rises into the sky, consisting of a mighty cross-shaped base and a uniquely shaped tent, crowned with a small dome. Slender pilasters at the corners of the building, sharp “arrows” sandwiched in the piers, triple tiers of keel-shaped kokoshniks - everything rushes upward.
The courage and beauty of the Kolomna Church of the Ascension amazed people Ancient Rus'. “That church was wonderful in its height, beauty and lightness, as if nothing had happened before in Rus',” the chronicler wrote in the year the construction of the temple was completed. On the eastern side of the gallery surrounding the temple, there is a throne made of white stone. From here, the Moscow kings admired the width of the river, its meadows and forests blue on the horizon.
Construction ban In the middle of the 17th century, the development of hipped-roof architecture was suspended by decrees of Patriarch Nikon. Thus, in one of the temple charters, Patriarch Nikon commanded to build churches: “According to the order of the correct and statutory law, as the rule and the church charter commands, to build with one, three, or five domes, and not to build tent churches at all...”
Moscow Baroque is the conventional name for the style of Russian architecture of the last decades of the 17th century - the first years of the 18th century, the main feature of which is the widespread use of elements of the architectural order and the use of centric compositions in temple architecture.
The main period of development was the 1680s to the early years of the 1700s. in Moscow. In the regions of Russia, spatial solutions and a characteristic design system can be traced until the end of the 18th century. The gradual fading of the capital's "Moscow Baroque" trend can be associated with the transition of metropolitan life to St. Petersburg and the orientation toward Western European architecture proclaimed by Peter I. Sukharevskaya Tower
Naryshkin style All buildings of the “Moscow Baroque”, built by order of the Naryshkins. The Naryshkin churches of the “octagon on quadrangle” type were created by a first-class craftsman who had previously built the bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent (1690) by order of Princess Sophia; the masterfully executed attics and ridges go back to the design of the Church of the Resurrection in Kadashi (1687). At the same time, the Naryshkin chambers in the VysokoPetrovsky Monastery, conceived by an extraordinary master, have a much rougher design, and different artistic techniques are used.
Thank you for your attention!
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Architecture of Russia
XV-XVI centuries XVII century
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Introduction
In this period great attention focused on art, especially architecture. In the XV-XVI centuries. the foundations of architecture were laid. In the 17th century it continues to develop previous development techniques. This era is characterized by a significant rise in the art of construction, which combines folk traditions and new trends.
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Wooden architecture
Wooden construction predominates. In addition to huts, mansions were built, craft and trading estates, boyar and merchant estates appeared. It was in the 16th century that the radial development characteristic of Moscow took shape.
Wood remained the building material, but stone construction became more developed. New types have become widely used building materials: multi-color tiles, figured bricks, white stone details.
XV-XVI centuries XVII century
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Royal Palace in the village of Kolomenskoye
Stroganov mansions
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Stone architecture
They combined the dynamism of wooden hipped churches and tiered temples. Residential buildings have smooth walls topped with a simple cornice or a belt of patterned masonry.
The volume of brick construction is increasing - mainly the buildings of government agencies and commercial and industrial enterprises. Stone walls lose their defensive ability, decorative properties become valuable
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St. Basil's Cathedral
Church of the Intercession in Medvedkovo
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Church architecture
The buildings were of a cult character. The construction of tented temples, which did not have pillars inside, became established; the entire structure rests only on the foundation. In churches, the use of a cross vault resting on the walls eliminated the interior from supporting pillars; tiers of zakomars and kokoshniks around a window-cut tent Construction of five-domed churches
There was a convergence of the styles of religious and civil buildings (multi-story buildings). The predominance of tented churches. A new style emerges - Naryshkino (Moscow) baroque, distinguished by its elegance and variety of decorations. The tower type of construction is used, a combination of red brick for the main masonry and white stone for decoration.
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17th century architecture
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17th century architecture
The Time of Troubles contributed to the loss of stone art skills. The temples of the 17th century were more massive, simpler and rougher than the temples of the 16th century. Russian art of the 17th century. strikes with its exceptional combination of strict adherence to the established Orthodox tradition with the activity of new tastes and renewal of artistic techniques.
Slide 3
Tent (tent style) in wooden and stone architecture of the 16th-18th centuries. completion of buildings in the form of a high tetrahedral or polyhedral pyramid.
Slide 4
Tent style
Typological options for tented temples: An octagon on a quadrangle (cruciform or cubic) A tent on a quadrangle without an octagon An octagonal temple without a quadrangle Composition of several tent-roofed aisles Tent-shaped churches were erected according to the orders of the kings, built in royal villages and on the estates of noble people.
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MERCHANT TEMPLES
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“Wonderful pattern” - this is the name of one of the most beautiful pages of Moscow architecture of the 17th century
Built in 1628-1651. By order of the merchant Grigory Nikitnikov, on the site of the Church of St. Nikita the Martyr “on Glinishchi” that burned down in 1626, the temple was erected next to the courtyard of G. Nikitnikov.
In 1904 in the basement of the central quadrangle, a chapel was built in the name of the Georgian Mother of God, whose icon (1654) was kept in the temple, which is why the Trinity Church was sometimes called the Church of the Georgian Mother of God.
Slide 7
Moscow Trinity Church in Nikitniki
The entrance to the church is decorated with a tented porch (for the first time in church architecture). The similarity of the decorative forms of the porch, the covered gallery, the platbands of the two main windows of the southern facade and the internal portals of the church to the decor of the Kremlin Terem Palace (1635-1636) and its Upper Golden Porch suggests that not all elements of this complex temple complex were built at the same time.
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The inside of the church is cozy. There are no pillars, a lot of light pours in from the large windows, and the space lies light and calm. Colorful paintings cover the walls with a continuous carpet.
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Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary
Another interesting monument of the first half of the 17th century is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, “in Putinki”. During the three years of construction, from 1649 to 1652, the plans of the customers expanded, and the temple was replenished with more and more new premises.
Slide 10
In the last quarter of the 17th century, the type of Moscow parish church with a quadrangle of the main volume and a five-domed structure, a hipped bell tower and a one-story refectory was finally formed. This is the Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki (1676-1682). Its name is due to the settlement of weavers, or Khamovniki, located here in the 17th century.
St. Nicholas Church in Khamovniki
The temple is beautiful with its upward direction and orderliness of details. The impression of richness and patterning is achieved thanks to the red-green coloring of the decorative details, which clearly stand out against the white background of the wall.
Slide 11
Spaso-Andronnikov Monastery
The Spaso-Andronnikov Monastery was founded in 1359 on the steep bank of the Yauza River on the road from young Moscow to Vladimir. It was named after its first abbot Andronik, a student of Sergius of Radonezh. In 1425-1427 A large stone Spassky Cathedral is being built in the monastery. The great Russian icon painter Andrei Rublev took part in its creation.
The cathedral amazes with its original appearance. The walls of the temple are decorated with strict blades, high stairs rise to the portals, and the top is very complex - it consists of multi-tiered zakomaras, echoing the keel-shaped ends of the portals. The lateral divisions of the facades with the same keel-shaped zakomaras are much lower. This enhances the vertical dynamics of the building. Even higher is the second tier of zakomaras, forming a crown at the base of the head. It is not for nothing that this temple was already endowed with the epithet “very red” in ancient times.
Slide 12
Novodevichy Convent.
It was founded at the beginning of the 16th century both as a monument to the liberation of Smolensk and as a fortress guarding the approaches to the capital from the southwest.
Slide 13
The main buildings that glorified the monastery were erected in the 80s of the 17th century with the active participation of Princess Sofia. The main buildings are built along the central axis (from west to east) - the refectory, the cathedral, and to the east of it - the bell tower. To the south and north of the cathedral, gate multi-domed churches were erected - Preobrazhenskaya and Pokrovskaya. They are located on a three-bay arched base - a kind of triumphal arches.
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Smolensky Cathedral
In 1524-1525 a grandiose five-domed cathedral was built here, modeled on the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral. However, the architect changed the ratio of the width and height of the walls, made a basement, which does not exist in the Kremlin, and placed the domes closer together. This gave the cathedral dynamism.
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Temple of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
In 1532, the famous Church of the Ascension was erected here, which began the construction of stone tented churches.
On the high bank of the Moscow River, the white pillar of the Kolomna Church rises into the sky, consisting of a mighty cross-shaped base and a uniquely shaped tent, crowned with a small dome. Slender pilasters at the corners of the building, sharp “arrows” sandwiched in the piers, triple tiers of keel-shaped kokoshniks - everything rushes upward.
Slide 16
The courage and beauty of the Kolomna Church of the Ascension amazed the people of Ancient Rus'. “That church was wonderful in its height, beauty and lightness, as if nothing had happened before in Rus',” the chronicler wrote in the year the construction of the temple was completed. On the eastern side of the gallery surrounding the temple, there is a throne made of white stone. From here, the Moscow kings admired the width of the river, its meadows and forests blue on the horizon.
Slide 17
Construction ban
In the middle of the 17th century, the development of hipped-roof architecture was suspended by the decrees of Patriarch Nikon. Thus, in one of the temple charters, Patriarch Nikon commanded to build churches: “According to the order of the correct and statutory law, as the rule and the church charter commands, to build with one, with three, with five domes, and not to build tent churches at all...”
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