Brief summary of the chronicle of the feat of a youth from Kiev. Old Russian literature. “The feat of a youth from Kiev and the cunning of the governor Pretich. Extracurricular reading lessons

Old Russian literature. “The feat of the youth from Kiev and the cunning voivode Pretich»

The emergence of Russian literature dates back to the end of the 10th century, when books intended for church services appeared in Rus' after the adoption of Christianity. The concept of “Old Russian literature” includes literary works written in the 11th – 17th centuries.

The beginning of Old Russian literature is associated with the adoption of Christianity in Rus', with church services and preaching. The first listeners of the works were noble people who gathered in the main temple of the city.

The beginning of writing among the Eastern Slavs is associated with the Baptism of Rus' in 988 during the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, grandson of Princess Olga, in Kyiv. Writing came to Rus' from Bulgaria, where the brothers Cyril and Methodius created the Slavic alphabet and for the first time translated liturgical books from Greek into Church Slavonic.

Along with writing, various genres of Byzantine Christian literature came to Rus': life, teaching, word.

In the 11th century, chronicle writing appeared in Rus'. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise in Kyiv, at the court of the Metropolitan, at that time the main church hierarch in Rus', the “Most Ancient Kiev Code” was created, i.e. stories about the main events in Rus' from ancient times were recorded.

The word “chronicle” comes from two words: “summer”, i.e. year, and “write.” Thus, a chronicle is a work in which the narrative is presented in chronological order. The narrative began with the words “In the summer...” (i.e., “In the year...”) - hence the name chronicle.

The chroniclers considered themselves not authors, but only recorders of events. Therefore, they rarely mention themselves. Most often, the ancient Russian chronicler was a learned monk.

In 1073, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nikon the Great, using the “Ancient Kiev Code,” compiled the “First Kiev-Pechersk Code.” At the beginning of the 12th century. The monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor corrects and supplements the first editions of the chronicle, which is named after its first lines - “The Tale of Bygone Years”.

“The Tale of Bygone Years” combines a variety of materials - bible stories, information about the ancient Slavs, legends about the first princes of Ancient Rus', texts of treaties between Rus' and Byzantium, stories about princely civil strife, church teachings, essays about the first monks of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery.

The compiler of The Tale of Bygone Years had a goal not only to tell about the past of Rus', but also to determine the place of the Eastern Slavs among the European and Asian peoples.

The chronicler talks in detail about the settlement Slavic peoples, about the settlement of territories by the Eastern Slavs that would later become part of the Old Russian state, about the morals and customs of different tribes. The “Tale...” emphasizes not only the antiquity of the Slavic peoples, but also the unity of their culture, language and writing, created in the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.

The chronicler turns to the history of the first Russian princes and tells about the deeds of their descendants. From the chronicle one can see how it is developing and strengthening Old Russian state how its borders expand, how its enemies weaken.

From the middle of the 11th century, the Old Russian state began to split into separate principalities and lands. Inter-princely conflicts began, which the militant neighbors of Rus' took advantage of. All this could not leave the chroniclers indifferent, and they called on the princes to unite for the salvation of Rus'.

In Russian culture, chronicle writing played a very important role important role: it helped people learn about the history of their people, what good and evil are, how a person should and should not act.

One of the stories included in the “Tale of Bygone Years” is a story about the feat of a Kiev youth.

The narrative begins with the words: “In the summer of 6476 (968).” This means that the events took place in 6476 from the Creation of the world. In Ancient Rus', chronology was accepted not from the Nativity of Christ, as we count years now, but from the Creation of the world. In parentheses, modern historians, for our convenience, indicate the same year according to modern chronology.

At the beginning of the story, Prince Svyatoslav is mentioned, who was a very active prince, liberated the Vyatichi from the power of the Khazars, and went on a campaign to Bulgaria to reconquer lands along the Danube. There, to the small town of Pereyaslavets on the Danube, Svyatoslav wanted to move the capital of Rus'. At this time, the lands on which the Khazars defeated by Svyatoslav lived were occupied by new nomads - the Pechenegs. When Svyatoslav and his squad were in Pereyaslavets, far from his native Kyiv, the Pechenegs first attacked the capital city, which is what the chronicle passage tells us about.

Kyiv in those days was surrounded by a fortress wall with a gate and was located on a high hill above the Dnieper, where the small river Lybid flows into the Dnieper. The Pechenegs surrounded the city, but Russian people gathered on the other bank - “people from the other side of the Dnieper,” and they could help the besieged.

The youth (as the prince's servant was called) volunteered to cross the Dnieper, but to do this he needed to go through the Pecheneg camp. If the Pechenegs had learned that he was from Kiev, the young man would have faced inevitable death. The young man, who could speak Pecheneg, managed to reach the detachment of governor Pretich.

The next morning Pretich with his small detachment set off for Kyiv. He told the Pechenezh prince that he was leading the vanguard of Svyatoslav’s army, and the Russian prince with countless troops was following behind. The Pechenezh prince was frightened, asked for peace and retreated from the city.

Svyatoslav returns from a foreign land and drives the Pechenegs into the field. With his last words, the chronicler emphasizes that the most important thing for a person is peace.

The chronicler respects the heroic deed of the youth, who was able to pass through the enemy camp and cross the Dnieper under arrows, understands Pretich’s forced cunning and does not approve of Svyatoslav. This disapproval is expressed in the words of the Kievites: “You, prince, are looking for a foreign land and taking care of it, and have left your own.” Trouble and famine might not have happened if Svyatoslav had not been in Pereyaslavets on the Danube, but in his native land.

The Tale of Bygone Years also includes other folk legends, the main characters of which are ordinary Russian people who perform feats and risk their own lives to save their Motherland.

The story of the heroic deed of a Kievite youth is an example of courage and dedication shown for the sake of saving his native land.

In 968, nomadic Pechenegs came to Rus' for the first time. The Kyiv prince Svyatoslav was at war with Byzantium and was far from home. Not far from the city there was only a small detachment of governor Pretich.

The youth from Kiev accomplished the following feat: he left the city and passed through the enemy camp, speaking Pecheneg. If the enemies had realized that he was from Kiev, they would have captured and killed him.

The trick of the governor Pretich was that he did not admit to the Pecheneg prince that Svyatoslav was far from Kiev, but told him that he, the governor, was leading the vanguard, and the Russian prince with countless troops was following. The Pechenezh prince was frightened, asked for peace and retreated from the city.

The story ends with Svyatoslav returning from a foreign land and driving the Pechenegs into the field. With his last words, the chronicler emphasizes that the most important thing for a person is peace.

The chronicler respects the heroic deed of the youth, who was able to pass through the enemy camp and cross the Dnieper under arrows, understands Pretich’s forced cunning and does not approve of Svyatoslav. This disapproval is expressed in the words of the Kievites: “You, prince, are looking for a foreign land and taking care of it, and have left your own.” Trouble and famine might not have happened if Svyatoslav had not been in Pereyaslavets on the Danube, but in his native land.

The heroes of the chronicle story read, for the most part, occupy a high position: Pretich is a governor, he makes peace with the Pecheneg prince; Svyatoslav is a Russian prince, Princess Olga is his mother. Only the youth does not occupy a high position, but he can rightly be called an outstanding brave man.

The story of the heroic deed of a Kievite youth can serve our time, setting an example of courage and dedication for the sake of saving our native land. Material from the site

The Tale of Bygone Years also includes folk legends - the story of the young Kozhemyak (under 992) and the story of Belgorod jelly (under 997). IN "Tales of the Kozhemyak" The leather craftsman puts the princely squad to shame and saves Rus' from the Pecheneg raid. He accomplished a feat that none of Prince Vladimir’s warriors could accomplish - he defeated the mighty Pecheneg warrior. "The Legend of Belgorod Kisel"- a story about deceiving the Pechenegs by cunning, when they besieged Belgorod and there was severe famine in the city. Then, on the advice of the wise old man, the remains of jelly and honey were lowered into the well, and then these wells were shown to the Pechenegs. The Pechenegs decided that they would never starve the city out and went back to the steppe.

The heroes of these legends are not princes, but ordinary Russian people, who, with their personal initiative, liberate their native land from enemies.

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On this page there is material on the following topics:

• read the fairy tale feat of the young man Kozhemyaki
• plan for literature, feat of a youth from Kiev
• what is the trick of governor pretich
• feat of a young Kiev resident essay
• a brief retelling of the story of the feat of a youth from Kiev

Folk and Old Russian Works - The Feat of the Youth of Kiev and the Cunning of Voivode Pretich In the Summer of 6476 (968). The Pechenegs came to the Russian land for the first time, and Svyatoslav was then in Pereyaslavets, and Olga locked herself with her grandchildren Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir in the city of Kyiv. And the Pechenegs besieged the city with great force: there were countless numbers of them around the city, and it was impossible to leave the city or send messages, and the people were exhausted from hunger and thirst. And the people from that side of the Dnieper gathered in boats and stood on the other bank, and it was impossible either to get to Kyiv or from the city to them. And the people in the city began to grieve and said: “Is there anyone who could get over to the other side and tell them: if you don’t approach the city in the morning, we will surrender to the Pechenegs.” And one youth said: “I will make my way,” and they answered him: “Go.” He left the city, holding a bridle, and ran through the Pecheneg camp, asking them: “Has anyone seen a horse?” For he knew Pecheneg and was accepted as one of their own. And when he approached the river, he threw off his clothes, threw himself into the Dnieper and swam. Seeing this, the Pechenegs rushed after him, shot at him, but could not do anything to him. On the other side they noticed this, drove up to him in a boat, took him into the boat and brought him to the squad. And the youth said to them: “If you don’t approach the city tomorrow, the people will surrender to the Pechenegs.” Their commander, named Pretich, said to this: “We will go tomorrow in boats and, having captured the princess and princes, we will rush to this shore. If we do not do this, then Svyatoslav will destroy us.” And the next morning, close to dawn, they got into the boats and blew a loud trumpet, and the people in the city screamed. It seemed to the Pechenegs that the prince himself had come, and they ran away from the city in all directions. And Olga came out with her grandchildren and people to the boats. The Pecheneg prince, seeing this, returned alone and turned to the governor Pretich: “Who came?” And he answered him: “People of the other side (Dnieper).” The Pecheneg prince asked again: “Aren’t you a prince?” Pretich answered: “I am his husband, I came with an advance detachment, and behind me is an army with the prince himself: there are countless of them.” He said this to scare them. The Prince of Pecheneg said to Pretich: “Be my friend.” He replied: “I will do so.” And they shook hands with each other, and the Pecheneg prince gave Pretich a horse, a saber and arrows. The same one gave him chain mail, a shield and a sword. And the Pechenegs retreated from the city, and it was impossible to take the horse out to water: the Pechenegs stood on Lybid. And the people of Kiev sent to Svyatoslav with the words: “You, prince, are looking for a foreign land and taking care of it, but you left your own, and the Pechenegs and your mother and your children almost took us. If you don’t come and protect us, they will take us. Don’t you feel sorry for your fatherland, your old mother, your children?" Hearing this, Svyatoslav and his retinue quickly mounted their horses and returned to Kyiv; greeted his mother and children and lamented what had happened to them from the Pechenegs. And he gathered the soldiers, and drove the Pechenegs into the field, and peace came.

In summer 6476 (968). The Pechenegs came to the Russian land for the first time, and Svyatoslav was then in Pereyaslavets, and Olga locked herself with her grandchildren Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir in the city of Kyiv. And the Pechenegs besieged the city with great force: there were countless numbers of them around the city, and it was impossible to leave the city or send messages, and the people were exhausted from hunger and thirst. And the people from that side of the Dnieper gathered in boats and stood on the other bank, and it was impossible either to get to Kyiv or from the city to them. And the people in the city began to grieve and said: “Is there anyone who could get over to the other side and tell them: if you don’t approach the city in the morning, we will surrender to the Pechenegs.” And one youth said: “I will make my way,” and they answered him: “Go.” He left the city, holding a bridle, and ran through the Pecheneg camp, asking them: “Has anyone seen a horse?” For he knew Pecheneg and was accepted as one of their own. And when he approached the river, he threw off his clothes, threw himself into the Dnieper and swam. Seeing this, the Pechenegs rushed after him, shot at him, but could not do anything to him. On the other side they noticed this, drove up to him in a boat, took him into the boat and brought him to the squad. And the youth said to them: “If you don’t approach the city tomorrow, the people will surrender to the Pechenegs.” Their commander, named Pretich, said to this: “We will go tomorrow in boats and, having captured the princess and princes, we will rush to this shore. If we do not do this, then Svyatoslav will destroy us.” And the next morning, close to dawn, they got into the boats and blew a loud trumpet, and the people in the city screamed. It seemed to the Pechenegs that the prince himself had come, and they ran away from the city in all directions. And Olga came out with her grandchildren and people to the boats. The Pecheneg prince, seeing this, returned alone and turned to the governor Pretich: “Who came?” And he answered him: “People of the other side (Dnieper).” The Pecheneg prince asked again: “Aren’t you a prince?” Pretich replied: “I am his husband, I came with an advance detachment, and behind me is an army with the prince himself: there are countless of them.” He said this to scare them. The Prince of Pecheneg said to Pretich: “Be my friend.” He replied: “I will do so.” And they shook hands with each other, and the Pecheneg prince gave Pretich a horse, a saber and arrows. The same one gave him chain mail, a shield and a sword. And the Pechenegs retreated from the city, and it was impossible to take the horse out to water: the Pechenegs stood on Lybid. And the people of Kiev sent to Svyatoslav with the words: “You, prince, are looking for a foreign land and taking care of it, but you left your own, and the Pechenegs and your mother and your children almost took us. If you don’t come and protect us, they will take us.” us. Don’t you feel sorry for your fatherland, your old mother, your children?" Hearing this, Svyatoslav and his retinue quickly mounted their horses and returned to Kyiv; greeted his mother and children and lamented what had happened to them from the Pechenegs. And he gathered the soldiers, and drove the Pechenegs into the field, and peace came.