Installation area coefficient standard. Characteristics of the structure of the enterprise, retail premises, equipment of halls, equipment. Arrangement and layout of the store's sales area

2. Let's calculate the display area (demonstration area) of commercial equipment.

The display area is defined as the sum of the areas of all equipment shelves on which goods can be displayed.

S off = 0.6 m × 0.97 m × 16 × 5 + 0.5 m × 0.97 m × 10 × 8 + 0.4 m × 0.97 m + 4.9 m 2 = 46.56 m 2 + 38.8 m2 + 0.388 m2 + 4.9 m2 = 90.648 m2

3. Let's determine the efficiency of using the store's retail space. It is assessed:

a) installation area coefficient, i.e. the ratio of the installation area of the equipment to the area of the sales floor. The optimal value of the installation area coefficient for grocery stores is 0.30 - 0.32; for non-food stores - 0.27 - 0.30.

To mouth pl. = 25.65 m2 / 100 m2 = 0.257

b) the coefficient of use of retail space for displaying goods, i.e. the ratio of the area of display of goods to the area of the sales floor. The optimal value for the coefficient of utilization of space for display in grocery stores is 0.70 - 0.75; for non-food stores - 0.72 - 0.78.

To Spanish pl. = 90.648 m2 / 100 m2 = 0.906

Thus, based on the calculations carried out, we can conclude that the retail space of the store is used ineffectively, since the coefficient of installation area and the coefficient of utilization of retail space for displaying goods do not correspond to the optimal value (the coefficient of installation area is 0.257 with an optimal value of 0.27 - 0.3 , and the coefficient of use of retail space for displaying goods is 0.906 with an optimal value of 0.72 - 0.78).

Task 3

Selecting types of scales and determining the need for them for a supermarket type store

Using the data in Table 2 on the turnover of packaged and sold products per day food products in the Universam store, as well as the data in Table 3, which shows technical specifications different brands of scales, you need to select the appropriate type of scales for packaging and dispensing goods and determine the need for scales for a given store.

Table 2

Average daily turnover of sold and packaged goods in the Universam store

Note:

1. Time spent on one weighing operation during holiday:

a) confectionery products - 1.5 minutes;

b) gastronomic goods - 0.3 min;

c) one operation for packing groceries requires 1 minute.

2. The weight of one release for confectionery and gastronomic products is 0.5 kg. The weight of one package of groceries is 1 kg.

3. Packing and dispensing of food products in the Universam store is carried out within 10 hours daily.

4. When weighing and dispensing food products, you can use scales VE-15T (for dispensing gastronomic goods), scales RN-10Ts13 (for dispensing confectionery products and packaging grocery products).

Table 3

Main technical characteristics of weighing equipment

No.

Equipment name

Purpose and scope

Brief technical characteristics

Tabletop dial scales RN10TS13

Weighing various goods at trade and catering establishments

Weighing limits, kg - 0.1 - 10.

Final scale value, g - 1000.

Scale division value, g - 5.

Highest value dial scale kg - 1.0.

Permissible weighing density, g, at weighing intervals:

from 100 to 2500 - +,- 2.5;

from 2500 to 10000 - +,- 5;

Overall dimensions, mm - 580 × 280 × 680

Weight, kg - 22

Electronic table scales for determining the weight and cost of products VE-15T

Weighing and packaging of food products at retail establishments

Maximum weighing limit, kg - 15

Smallest weighing limit, g - 40

Power consumption, W - 15

Permissible weighing error, g, in weighing intervals:

from 1.0 to 4.0 kg - ±4 from 4.0 to 6.0 kg ±6

from 6.0 to 10.0 kg ±10

from 10.0 to 15.0 kg ±15

Time for weighing and calculating the cost of goods, s - 2

Continuous operation time, h - 16

Average service life, years 8

1. Select the appropriate types of scales for the store. It should be taken into account that the choice of the type of scale is influenced by the nature of the work of the trading enterprise, the size of the repeated plumb lines, minimum size plumb lines, weighing range of scales, etc. When selecting appropriate types of scales, it is necessary to choose those that would ensure high labor productivity of workers, compliance with weighing rules, and the necessary accuracy of accounting for goods by weight.

Type of scales for the store - scales VE-15T for dispensing gastronomic goods, scales RN-10Ts13 for dispensing confectionery goods and packaging groceries.

2. Determine the required number of scales for packaging and dispensing goods using the formula:

where L is the required number of scales, pcs.;

О - quantity of goods packaged or sold per shift, kg;

R - throughput weights per shift, kg.

The throughput of the scales per shift (P) is determined by the formula:

P = Q × T / t × K,

where Q is the maximum weighing limit on these scales, kg;

T is the useful operating time of the scales per working day, min;

t - time of one weighing operation, min.;

K is the coefficient of use of the largest weighing limit, which is determined by the ratio of the mass of one release to the largest weighing limit of the scales.

We will carry out calculations for each type of goods:

Let's define:

Scale throughput per shift:

Gastronomic goods

P = 10 kg × (10 × 60 min.) / 0.3 min. × (0.5 kg / 10 kg) = 1000 kg

Confectionery products

P = 15 kg × (10 × 60 min.) / 1.5 min. × (0.5 kg / 15 kg) = 200 kg

Grocery goods

P = 15 kg × (10 × 60 min.) / 1 min. × (1 kg / 15 kg) = 600 kg

Required number of scales for packaging and dispensing goods:

Gastronomic goods

L = 3600 kg / 1000 kg = 3.6 ≈ 4 pcs.

Confectionery products

L = 312 kg / 200 kg = 1.56 ≈ 2 pcs.

Grocery goods

L = 1430 kg / 600 kg = 2.38 ≈ 3 pcs.

Task 4

Calculation of the need for cash register X

Retail area - 90 m2

The maximum number of visitors per hour who made a purchase is 80 people

Average quantity commodity units per buyer - 3 units

The time for registering the cost of one product is 2.5 s.

Let's determine the number of jobs for cashiers using two methods:

Based on the intensity of customer flow

Based on the area of the sales area

1. The main indicators by which the number of jobs for cashiers are determined are the number of visitors who made a purchase during the busiest hour of the sales floor, and the maximum throughput of the payment center per hour.

The calculation is made using the formula:

where n is the number of jobs for cashiers;

P - the number of customers who made a purchase during the busiest hour of the trading floor, people/hour;

C is the maximum throughput of the settlement unit per hour, person/hour.

C = 3600K / (T + tf),

where T is the average time spent servicing one customer (reading prices, receiving money, giving change, etc.), s. On average, T = 25 s is considered;

f - average number of product units per buyer, pcs.;

t is the time for registering the cost of one product and the speed of printing a receipt;

This calculation method is advisable to use in the case of transferring stores to self-service when their traffic is known.

C = 3600 × 0.85 / (25 s + 2.5 s × 3) = 94.15 person/h

n = 80 / 94.15 = 0.85 ≈ 1st place

When designing new stores, the number of workplaces for cashiers is calculated based on the area of the sales floor using the following formula:

n = S T / 3600 q K,

where S is the area of the sales area, m;

q is the area of the sales floor per customer (2.5 m2 according to the rules and regulations);

T - average settlement time with one buyer, determined by calculation (empirical) method, 25 s;

K is the coefficient of use of the cashier's working time, equal to 0.85.

n = 90 m 2 × 25 s / 3600 × 2.5 m 2 × 0.85 = 0.29 ≈ 1 place

When determining the number of cash registers, it is necessary to provide one backup (in case of failure of the current one).

Conclusion: 2 cash registers, 1 workplace controller-cashier.

List of sources used

1. Arustamov E.A. Equipment for trade enterprises. - M., 2000.

2. Arkhipov I.A., Klishin V.F. Trade equipment. - M., 1985.

3. Isaev M.I., Shpak T.A. Trading equipment. - M.: Torgizdat, 1985.

4. Kashchenko V.F., Kashchenko L.V. Trade equipment: Tutorial. - M.: Infra-M, 2006. - 398 p.

5. Equipment of a commercial enterprise. Ed. Parfentyeva. - M., 2000.

6. Trade and technological equipment: Textbook. allowance / L.V. Shulyakov. - Mn.: Higher. school, 2004. - 192 p.

	"Rake" This method helps optimize the space as much as possible. It is possible to install large quantity additional points of sale adjacent to the edges of the main rows
	"Net" Typical location in large stores. Good circulation of customers and maximum display space.
	"Diagonal" In fact, this is the same as the “Grid”, but with a more elegant look. Looks attractive but space is sacrificed.
	"Freestyle" This style is used to suit the structure and layout of the building, such as pillars, walls, etc. This is reminiscent of “Diagonal”, because. a lot of usable space is lost.

Location of product groups.

80-90% of buyers bypass all points of sale located along the perimeter of the sales area and only 40-50% of buyers bypass the inner rows;
there are product groups for which the bulk of buyers come, the rest of the product groups are to one degree or another related;
You should avoid locating departments with the most popular goods next to each other.

"Golden Triangle"

The classic scheme for organizing the space of a sales floor is based on the location of the main product group. Thus, the following triangle is formed: entrance - dairy department - cash registers. You can only change the size and configuration of the “golden triangle” by moving its vertices.

The location of goods in a store can be divided into two main categories:

Strong points:

Shelves on the right side in the direction of customer movement
Intersecting rows of shelves in a store
Places with good frontal visibility
The area near the cash register
End sections of gondolas

Weak points:

Shelves on the left side as customers move
Store corners
Places near the entrance to the store

Calculations of effective store area

IN general theory In store construction, the ratio of retail space to total determines the efficiency coefficient (E) of using the total area of the store: Ke=St/So. The higher the value obtained, the more efficiently the store area is used. We offer you to make simple calculations for your store.

Example. Let's assume that the total area of the store is 2000 m2, of which the retail area is 1000 m2. The efficiency coefficient is: 1000:2000=0.5.

Calculation formula. If the coefficient<0,6 это означает, что торговая площадь используется неэффективно. На Западе наиболее оптимальным является соотношение торговой и неторговой площади магазина 70:30 , that is, the coefficient Ke=0.7.

Installation area of the equipment.

The installation area of the equipment is of particular importance. It is determined by the dimensions of the external boundaries of retail equipment or auxiliary structures (fitting booths, etc.). It can be used to judge the effectiveness of equipment placement on the sales floor.
Experts have come to the conclusion that an indicator of the effectiveness of equipment placement on the sales floor is the installation area coefficient (Ku), defined as the ratio of the installation area to the total area of the sales floor. Ku=Sу/So
Optimal value of Ku:

in self-service stores it is 0.3-0.2;
in department stores - 0.29;
in shoe stores - 0.33;
in clothing stores - 0.28;
in household goods stores - 0.32.

The average is close to 0.3 for most product groups. This is the norm, deviation from which should make you think about increasing the efficiency of the hall.

Equipment installation area coefficient.
We recommend doing simple calculations yourself.

Example. Let's assume that the total sales area of your store is 1000 m2, and the equipment occupies a total of 500 m2. Ku=500/1000=0.5. This means that the sales floor is overloaded with equipment.

Calculation formula. If the coefficient is >0.35, this means that the sales floor is overloaded with equipment, and what is available is used ineffectively. It has limited product selection options, intense customer flows, and difficult customer service.

The main retail space is the sales area, which, as a rule, occupies a large share of the total area of the store. It serves to accommodate working and exhibition stock of goods, goods are selected here by buyers, and settlements are made. additional services buyers.

The structure and layout of the sales area must correspond to its functions and be developed taking into account the following requirements:

b ensuring the rational organization of the trade process, the movement of consumer and commodity flows;

b creating conditions for the mechanization of labor-intensive customer service processes;

ь placement of entrances, exits, sections (departments), and retail equipment convenient for customers;

ь effective use of the sales area when placing retail equipment;

b ensuring rational placement and maximum visibility of laid out goods;

b creating conditions for cost-effectiveness and ease of sanitary and maintenance services.

The most common are rectangular trading floors with aspect ratios from 1: 1 to 1: 3. This configuration of the trading floor provides optimal conditions for organizing the sale of goods in such modern methods, such as self-service, sale of goods by samples. This not only contributes to compliance with the requirements for the rational organization of trade and technological operations carried out in the store, but also provides customers with the opportunity to have a good understanding of the placement product groups and make purchases at minimum terms, creates conditions for a comfortable stay for customers in the store.

The sales floors of stores located in separate buildings have proportions closer to a square (1: 1; 1: 1.5), which makes their operation even more efficient in terms of the requirements listed above. On the contrary, the overly elongated shape of the trading floors (1: 10 or more) of built-in stores complicates their layout and makes it necessary to divide the hall into departments, which is not always convenient for customers.

For organization technological process In a store, the distance between the columns (supports) in the sales area, that is, the grid of columns, is of great importance. The greater the distance between the columns, the more efficiently the area of the sales floor is used, and the more opportunities there are for placing retail equipment.

The size of the column grid depends on the area of the sales area and design features buildings. The most economical grid of columns is 6x6, 6x9, 6x12 m, but it can be increased to 18, 24 m or more.

When planning a sales area important role plays proper organization customer flows, which depends on the placement of entrances and exits, the arrangement of retail equipment and the location of the cash register.

Placing entrances to and exits from the store in the center of the sales floor is used in stores where goods are sold through a service counter. This allows customers to be dispersed throughout the entire area of the hall.

In self-service stores, the entrance and exit are combined and are located, as a rule, at the right corner of the building facade, so that the flow of customers is directed counterclockwise.

In a store with an order department or a cafeteria, extended vestibules or halls are created from which customers can access all retail areas of the store.

The entire area of the trading floor can be divided into:

b installation area;

b area of aisles for customers and movement of goods;

b area of workplaces service personnel;

b area of the cash register.

The installation area includes the area occupied by retail equipment for displaying goods and large-sized goods (refrigerators, washing machines, etc.) placed in the sales area, as well as the area occupied by equipment for conducting cash payments and servicing customers. In self-service stores, approximately 30% of the total sales area is usually allocated for installation area.

About effective use the area of the trading floor is judged by

installation area coefficient, which is calculated by the formula:

Ku = Su / St. h,

where Kу is the installation area coefficient;

Su - installation area of the store, sq. m.;

If the value of the installation area coefficient is low (less than 0.25), then this indicates irrational use of retail space due to the small amount of equipment. If the value of the coefficient is too high (more than 0.35), then this can lead to inconvenience for buyers, since the insufficient width of the aisles between the equipment will in this case prevent their free movement.

However, it should be taken into account that this indicator may change depending on the size of the store (the larger the retail space, the smaller the share of the installation area, as a rule) and its specialization.

Along with rational use of retail space for installing equipment in a store, it is necessary to use it as efficiently as possible for displaying goods. This is achieved through the use of equipment with a large exhibition area.

The exhibition area is calculated as the sum of the areas of all horizontal, vertical and inclined planes used for displaying goods on retail equipment in the sales area. The exhibition area also includes the area occupied by the bases of large-sized goods.

The degree to which the sales area is used for displaying goods is characterized by the installation area coefficient. It is calculated using the following formula:

Kexp. = Sexp / St. z.,

where Kexp is the coefficient of the exhibition area of the trading floor;

Sexp - store exhibition area, sq. m.;

St. h. - area of the trading floor, sq. m.

This indicator depends on the types and types of equipment used for displaying goods, as well as on its dimensions and the number of elements that increase the exhibition area (shelves, baskets, etc.). The optimal ratio between the exhibition area and the area of the sales floor in a self-service store is considered to be approximately equal to 0.7.

Increasing the coefficient of exhibition space through the use of island slides or high-height racks can lead to a deterioration in the visibility of goods, cause inconvenience during their display, and also make it difficult for customers to select goods.

The exhibition area coefficient depends on the specialization of the store: it will be lower in stores that use refrigerated counters and other similar refrigeration equipment, in stores selling large goods, etc.

For the free movement of goods and customers, part of the sales floor of a self-service store is allocated to aisles. The width of the aisles between retail equipment is determined by GOST R 51773-2001 "Retail trade. Classification of enterprises", however, it can change in each specific store, taking into account the mechanization means used and the intensity of customer flow. Thus, wider aisles should be where the movement of goods using lifting and transport vehicles is envisaged. For the free movement of customers, it is mandatory to have main (wider than usual) passages located along the walls and connecting all areas of the sales floor.

In stores where trade is carried out through a service counter, an area is allocated to organize work places for service personnel. Its size is equal to the product of the length of the front of the counter and the depth of the workplace. The depth of the seller’s workplace includes the width of the counter and commercial equipment for displaying and placing the working stock of goods, as well as the width of the passage between them, which must be at least 0.9 m.

A specially equipped part of the sales area, intended for settlements with customers for goods in the store’s self-service areas, within which more than one cash register is located, is called a cash register. The area of the cash register includes the area occupied by cash registers, aisles between them, tables for packing goods, as well as an area for storing baskets and carts for selecting goods by customers. In self-service stores, this area should not exceed 15% of the sales area. At the same time, the number of jobs for controllers and cashiers is determined based on the specialization of the store and the area of its sales floor.

In grocery stores, one controller/cashier workplace should have up to 100 sq. m of retail space, and in non-food stores - up to 160 sq. m.

When drawing up the technological layout of a sales area, the rational use of store space through the correct placement and use of retail equipment is of great importance.

Depending on the size and configuration of the sales area, the range of goods sold and sales methods, linear, box, exhibition and mixed layouts are used.

Many years of experience in stores selling goods with individual customer service have determined the main, most rational types of sales floor layout. The most common layout of the sales floor of such stores is the linear placement of sellers' workplaces. Depending on the depth of the trading floor, various linear layout options are used.

With a trading floor depth of 6-7 m, cabinets and counters are placed in one line, close to the wall, separating the trading floor from utility rooms. If the depth of the sales floor exceeds 8 m, sales jobs can be placed along two or three walls.

The linear layout of the sales floor has become widespread, as it ensures that sellers’ workplaces are closer to the storerooms, which reduces labor costs for moving goods to the sales floor; makes it possible to replenish inventory during store opening hours without creating inconvenience for customers, and the ability to move sellers.

The choice of linear workplace layout option depends not only on the size and shape of the sales area; The following requirement must also be observed: the area occupied by sellers’ workplaces should not exceed 40% of the area of the sales floor.

Cash registers should be placed along the façade line of the sales floor, and not along the equipment line of sellers’ workplaces, which is inconvenient for both cashiers and sellers. The optimal depth and width of cash registers is 1.5 m.

Using a linear layout, it is convenient to regulate the direction of movement of consumer flows and organize a single payment center. It provides a good view of the sales floor, provides the opportunity for all customers in the hall to independently select goods at the same time, allowing them to make a complex purchase, spending a minimum of time on it.

There are three options for linear planning:

· longitudinal, in which lines of retail equipment are lined up along the sales floor;
· transverse, when the equipment forms lines running across the sales floor;
· combined, combining both longitudinal and transverse layouts.

Longitudinal linear layout is used if the store's sales area has a small (up to 12 m) depth. If the sales floor is deep, it is advisable to use a transverse or combined layout.

The box layout is a breakdown of the entire sales area into departments (boxes) isolated from each other. Moreover, each department has its own calculation unit, which makes this layout less convenient for buyers making a complex purchase, since the purchase of goods in each department and on settlement transactions they have to spend extra time. Box layout is most often used in large stores or stores located in residential buildings and having elongated proportions of trading floors. Its use is also justified in stores with a universal assortment. non-food products, especially when selling goods that require fitting (shoes, clothes) or special selection ( jewelry etc.).

Exhibition layout is used in stores selling samples. It is used in the sale of fabrics, wallpapers, televisions, washing machines etc. Products are displayed on stands, slides, racks, mannequins located in a specially designated area for displaying goods.

The mixed layout of the trading floor combines various types layouts.

Answer: The store's sales area occupies a large share of the total area of the store. It serves to house the working and exhibition stock of goods, where goods are selected by buyers, settlement transactions for selected goods are carried out, and various additional services are provided to buyers. The sales area contains workplaces for salespeople, cashiers, sales consultants, cashiers-controllers and other store employees. Therefore, the structure and layout of the sales area must meet the requirements of the rational organization of operations performed here, namely: ensuring the shortest routes for the movement of goods from the storage areas and preparation of goods for sale to the places of their display and placement; free movement of consumer flow; creating good visibility and convenience for customer orientation. The trading floor can be divided into the following zones or areas:

· Installation
· Aisles for shoppers
· Sales jobs
· Checkout area

The installation area of a store is a part of the sales floor area occupied by equipment intended for displaying, demonstrating goods, conducting cash payments and servicing customers.

The degree of efficiency of use of sales area can be determined by calculation installation area coefficient according to the following formula:

Ku = ; Where:

Sу - installation area, m 2 ;

St.z. - area of the trading floor, m2;

K y - installation area coefficient.

The optimal value of this coefficient should be 0.3-0.32.

It is also important that the installation area is effectively used for displaying goods, which can be achieved by equipping the sales area with equipment.

Display area (exposition) is calculated as the total area of horizontal, vertical and inclined planes of commercial equipment used for displaying and displaying goods on the sales floor.

An indicator characterizing the degree of use of the sales area for display of goods is the exhibition area coefficient. It is defined as the ratio of the exhibition area to the area of the sales floor:

Se - exhibition area, m2;

S t.z. - area of the trading floor, m2;

K e - coefficient of use of the exhibition area.

The optimal value of this coefficient is 0.7-0.75.

In addition, the efficiency of using the store's sales area shows retail space utilization rate, which is defined as the ratio of retail space to the total area of the store:

St - retail area, m2;

So - total area, m2;

K t - coefficient of utilization of retail space

This ratio shows what portion of the total store area is occupied by retail space. The higher this coefficient, the more efficiently the area of the store building is used. In the practice of trading business, the most acceptable ratio of the retail and non-trading areas of the store is 70:30, which is optimal for implementing the functions of the retail trade link - selling goods and serving customers.

Requirements for the organization and maintenance of workplaces:

· high level technical equipment;
· compliance of equipment with ergonomic requirements (psychophysiological and anthropometric capabilities of a person in the labor process);
· optimal placement of equipment, tools, goods, packaging materials in a convenient order for work;
· ensuring labor safety and comfortable working posture;
· uninterrupted replenishment of goods and packaging materials;
· timely repair of equipment and inventory.

3.4 Installation area

Installation area is the area occupied for the installation of equipment and large goods (pianos, refrigerators, washing machines, etc.) placed on the floor. Typically, 27-30% of the sales area is allocated for these purposes.

The efficiency of using the sales area is judged by the installation area coefficient, which is calculated using the formula:

Ku = Sy / St.z,

where Ku is the installation area coefficient;

Sy - installation area of the store, m2;

However, it should be taken into account that this indicator may vary depending on the size of the store (the larger the retail space, the smaller the share of the installation area, as a rule) and its specialization.

Along with the rational use of retail space for installing equipment in a store, it is necessary to use it as efficiently as possible for displaying goods. This is achieved through the use of equipment with a large exhibition area.

The degree to which the sales area is used for displaying goods is characterized by the exhibition area coefficient. It is calculated using the following formula:

Kexp = Sexp / St.z,

where Kexp is the coefficient of the exhibition area of the trading floor;

Sexp - store exhibition area, m2;

St.z - area of the sales area, m2.

This indicator depends on the types and types of equipment used for laying out. The optimal ratio between the exhibition area and the sales floor area in a self-service store is considered to be approximately 0.7.

The exhibition area coefficient depends on the specialization of the store: it will be lower in stores that use refrigerated counters and similar refrigeration equipment, in stores selling large goods, etc.

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